Excitation Event Design and Accuracy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Excitation Event Design and Accuracy. Answer: Introduction: This years annual general meeting of the National Congress of Australia First people to highlight on the activities and achievements of the organization in the past year and determine on the course of action in the next year. The event will be held at the Intercontinental Hotel in the capital of Australia, Sydney. The venue was selected by the congress because of its ease of access within the capitals CBD. The location has a historical significance to the aboriginal nations and therefore an indigenous inspirational speaker will be selected to motivate the organizations members and also allow the attendees of the Gala to enjoy and have fun to celebrate the achievements made in the last year. The event will be a two-day Gala taking place as from 14th October 2016 to 15th October 2016 starting from 0900 hrs to 1600 hrs on every day of the Gala. The venue was requested by the organization members and the committee and therefore it was necessary to fulfil the wishes of the stakeholders an d also ensure a value for the money in the budgetary allocation to ensure the organization members are treated to an event they can never forget, Wang Lemmon (2011). This years annual gala for the National Congress of Australia First people will adopt a historical event design and therefore the two-day event will implement the Great Gaspy theme. The Great Gaspy theme is suitable for the event because of its streaming and luxurious layout style that incorporates shading in colours of dark, gold and white with flowing gowns covering the neutral furnishing in spaces with clean lines and modern floral patterns comprising of bold, peppy designs that are fresh and adventurous. This alluring hues for the function will help guarantee that the occasion remains in the minds of the organization members by ensuring a sharp, warm and cheerful mood and environment that maintains the crisp ambiance of the Gala, Nelson (2009). In reference to Adema Roehl (2010). The decision for the Great Gaspy theme and dcor to be selected was to ensure a crisp, ambient and celebratory mood and style in a relaxing environment for the gala that ensures entertainment, fun and enjoyment of the organizations achievements. The theme and dcor is easily adaptable with a lower budget as allocated by the congress. The event from beginning to end will be developed and managed using event planning software programs, websites and mobile applications, Richards(2014). The following software tools are incorporated in the development of the event project: Cvent; the venue selected will be a hotel in Sydney, therefore, Cvent will be used as a software tool to source for the venue. The budgetary allocation for the Gala is enough to acquire and utilize the software tool and identify the best hotel in the capital to use for the venue. Eventbrite; to enable register all the attendees of the annual gala organized by the congress, Eventbrite will be customized to allow the organization members to register from their mobile phones. The tool will also be used to update the organization members on any emerging issues through emails and reminders. Eventbrite will be used to generate the ticket fee that is payable by the organization members to enable booking for housing using the Cvent tool. Etouches, will be used to design the floor plan of the venue. `the tool will also be customized to assign different tasks to the different stakeholders to enable a fluid and smooth development and event design. Social tables: with the floor plan designed and created by the Etouches, this tool will be used to design the seating charts and room layout design. Through the system, other groups tasked to ensure the success of the event such as caterers and venue provider will be integrated into the system to enable a smooth flow of guest check-ins. Live slideshow provided by Whova: provided by the Whova conference management tool, the live slideshow tool will help in displays the events on the projectors connected to the system such as schedule plans, 2017-2018 annual achievements in photos and graph formats, advertisements and live polls in determining the course to be followed in the 2018-2019 calendar year. ORDER NO. TASK. RESPONSIBILITY CONTACTS. START TIME. FINISH TIME. 14th October 2016. Day one XX1 Preparations of venue Venue providers. Social tables, profile XYZ. 0700 Hours 0830 hours. Arrangement of the conference hall. Setting up the display projector. XX2 Arrival of guests Organization members, congress committee Public profiles on Eventbrite. 0830 hours 0900 hours. Esteemed guests arrive and take their seats. XX3 Opening remarks Congress chairperson Chairperson on Eventbrite. 0900 hours 0930 hours The chairperson welcomes the members Introduces and hands over the mic to the CEO of the National Congress of Australia First people. XX4 2015-2016 achievements CEO CEO contact link on Eventbrite. 0930 hours 1200 hours. The CEO highlights the major organizational achievements of the year 2015-2016. XX5 Break, lunch and entertainment Caterers Venue providers Social tables profile XYZ. 1200 hours 1350 hours Organization members take lunch break. Advertisements, slideshows XX6 Settling in Organization members Public profiles on Eventbrite 1350 hours 1400 hours Distinguished guests take their seats for the second session of the day. XX7 2015-2016 Drawbacks CEO CEO contact link on Eventbrite 1400 hours 1600 hours 15th October 2016. Last day(two). XY1 Venue rearrangement. Venue providers Social tables profile XYZ. 0700 hours 0830 hours The venue providers clean up and rearrange the venue for the second day. XY2 Arrival of guests Organization members Congress committee Public profiles on Eventbrite. 0830 hours 0900 hours Guests take their seats. XY3 Opening remarks Congress chairperson Chairperson on Eventbrite 0900 hours 0930 hours The chairperson welcomes the guests and thanks them for their unremarkable support. Invites the indigenous speaker. XY4 Motivational speech from indigenous speaker Hon. Retired. Alfred Kolkata Reserved link on Eventbrite. 0930 hours 1100 hours. Promotion of diversity and the inclusion of aboriginals and the Torres Strait islanders. Respect and equality in all sectors of the government to Australian citizens irrespective of origin. XY5 2016-2017 target milestones CEO CEO link on Eventbrite. 1100 hours 1200 hours The CEO presents the targeted milestones The organization members suggest course of implementations. Organization members vote new chairperson and treasurer. XY6 LUNCH BREAK Caterers Venue providers Social tables XYZ profile. 1200 hours 1400 hours XY7 Get together and catch up Organizational members Public profiles on Eventbrite. 1400 hours 1530 hours XY8 Closing remarks Australian president Hon. Peter Wuondha 1530 hours 1400 hours Thanks giving speech Closing remarks References Wang, X., Lemmon, M. (2011). On event design in event-triggered feedback systems.Automatica,47(10), 2319-2322. Nelson, K. B. (2009, June). Enhancing the attendee's experience through creative design of the event environment: applying Goffman's dramaturgical perspective. InJournal of Convention Event Tourism(Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 120-133). Taylor Francis Group. Adema, K. L., Roehl, W. S. (2010). Environmental scanning the future of event design.International Journal of Hospitality Management,29(2), 199-207. Richards, G., Marques, L., Mein, K. (Eds.). (2014).Event design: Social perspectives and practices. Routledge. Bibliography Smith, H., Ferris, J. B. (2009, April). Excitation event design and accuracy verification procedure for high-fidelity terrain measurement systems. InModeling and Simulation for Military Operations IV(Vol. 7348, p. 73480M). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Richards, G. (2014). Imagineering events as interaction ritual chains. InEvent Design(pp. 30-40). Routledge.

Reflection of Appendix on Carmen free essay sample

In this essay, I will discuss how Prosper Merimee’s mode of thought in appendix is reflected and the way the characters are demonstrated according to appendix in â€Å"Carmen†. The final chapter of the story â€Å"Carmen†, which is about the history, life style, Romany language, exclusive relationship manners and physical characteristics of the race called Gypsies, is added later to the story depending upon the point of view of the narrator. Thus, an ethnographic research dimension was added to this literary work. The French historian, archaeologist and short story writer Prosper Merimee who knows the ways of the world in an academic sense, examines the world of Gypsies objectively through his travels and research in Spain. Merimee’s novel belongs to the realist genre and as a hopeless romantic; he has a propensity for exotic people and exotic lands. When we read the story, we learn the presentation of culture through the filter of anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection of Appendix on Carmen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This particular way of life describes Gypsies as free, rebellious, and marginal community. â€Å"Carmen† is based on the narrator’s experiences and the chain of events during his travel to the southern Spain. In the first chapter, Merimee himself as a narrator frames the story in Andalusia of 1830, and then he introduces the first oriental character, Basque Don Jose. When the narrator tells the physical appearance of Don Jose, according to appendix we notice that gypsies’ physical traits are different from the indigenous peoples of the same country such as dark skin, dark almond-shaped eyes, proud expression and so forth. Moreover, Don Jose grips his horse’s halter in his one hand, and in his other hand he holds a brass blunderbuss. Considering the sentence in appendix, â€Å"The men make a living as horse dealers, horse doctors, or mule clippers; they supplement this work by occupations such as repairing saucepans and copper utensils, to say nothing of smuggling and other illicit activities. †, we affirm that Don Jose has a relationship with gypsies as a Basque soldier. He is the naive victim of Gypsy treachery. Later on, the narrator’s first observation about Spanish culture was that the ritual exchange of cigars among men establishes relations of hospitality, â€Å"as does the sharing of bread and salt in the East†. Apart from this, Merimee’s guide Antonio tried to speak with the narrator in private. After some efforts he had a chance to tell that Don Jose is known as Jose Navarro, and he warned the narrator about Jose Navarro that he is the most notorious bandit, robber, brigand in Andalusia. Antonio runs away to report the place where Don Jose hides to get the big reward, but the narrator saved Don Jose. So, Antonio thinks that the narrator prevented him from earning the reward. Afterwards, Merimee meets Carmen in Cordoba. His encounter with Carmen is marked by a reciprocal case of mistaken ethnic identity. Firstly, he thought that Carmen is an Andalusian, and then he cannot tell whether she is Moorish or Jewish until Carmen explains to him her true identity as a Gypsy. Conversely, Carmen supposed Merimee as an Englishman whereas Merimee is a Frenchman. Carmen is a good looking woman with copper colored smooth skin, beautiful large dark eyes and delicate hands, lips and black hair. She had a strange wild beauty which makes her â€Å"femme fatale†. As a femme fatale, Carmen is seductive and cunning, dangerous and sweet, a loyal liar and a crook. According to appendix, in Germany the Gypsy girls are often very pretty, but in Andalusia a few of the girls are rather more attractive than the rest, and take greater care of their personal appearance. Carmen is one of the rare ones in Andalusia. Due to her free-spirited Gypsy personality, she cannot commit to anybody but herself. She uses her charm to seduce Don Jose at the tobacco factory. Don Jose gets close to her and becomes jealous as she attracts other men around her. In addition, Don Jose learns that Carmen was married. Carmen’s Rom Garcia the One-eyed was the ugliest, most ruthless, vilest, cruel and most wicked man Gypsy women ever gave birth to man alive. He joined the outlaw band of Carmen which also includes Don Jose; Don Jose agitates him with a knife and killed him. After the death of Garcia, Carmen becomes Don Jose’s wife according to Gypsy customs. Since Carmen is not a loyal wife, unlike the rest of Gypsy women, she is not able to give herself to Don Jose as a free spirited woman. After a while, she gets emotionally affected by an accomplished young picador called Lucas during the bullfight. Don Jose was not able to take this situation, he begged Carmen to leave all the men behind and start a new righteous life in America. Don Jose chose to replace his position in military with becoming an acculturated Gypsy for Carmen. Unfortunately, he could not convince her and stabbed her to death. In my opinion, Don Jose aims to exorcise his own demons by killing Carmen. Despite everything, Don Jose was a good man until he met Carmen; he fell from grace into hell and became a robber and a murderer because of Carmen. Don Jose became obsessive, jealous and destructive in which whole fault was Carmen’s. As we read the story, we see that Carmen takes Merimee to her home to tell his fortune. She is good at fortunetelling which had become a practice that Gypsy women engage in. In this regard, since they see this as a job, they sell charms and love philters, utter powerful spells, foresee the future successfully according to appendix. Furthermore, Carmen speaks many languages fluently. When she met Don Jose in the factory, she tried to pass herself off as Basque to Don Jose and talked him in Basque. Basques have an accent that makes them easily recognizable to Spaniards, but Carmen understood that Don Jose is Basque because she knows the language well. â€Å"Today there are almost as many different Romany dialects as there are separate bands of their race. Everywhere they speak the language of their adopted country in preference to their own, which they seldom use except in order to communicate freely in front of strangers. † by this statement in appendix, I infer that Gypsies don’t have a hard time adopting and speaking any language wherever they go. To sum up, Prosper Merimee wrote Carmen to tell the exemplary story of a Gypsy woman Carmen and a bandit soldier Don Jose. Story is told by the narrator and Don Jose himself while psychological conditions of the characters are not emphasized. Each character, which is observed objectively by the narrator, is emotionally discussed integrated with the story. Hence, the author added the appendix part at the end of the story as he shows the history and life style of Gypsies in a more comprehensive way. Reference: Merimee, P. (1845). Carmen.

Colon Paper essays

Colon Paper essays Colon cancer is a condition that affects thousands of people. About 140,000 new cases are diagnosed each year and it kills more than 56,000 people each year. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. The problem that surrounds this deadly disease is that half of this deaths could be prevented by screening, unfortunately the majority of people older than 50 do not undergo for colorectal cancer screening even though is recommended for all persons50 and over and for those with family history. Also many primary care physician do not screen for all the patients who meet the qualifications for colorectal screening. Screening can prevent colorectal cancer when detection and removal of precancerous polyps is done on time. Anther problem with colorectal cancer screening is the fact that many people feel uncomfortable having this part of the anatomy examined. The American Cancer Society recommends an annual digital rectal examination for people age 40, an a nnual fecal occult blood test for people age over 50 and flexible sigmoidoscopy every three to five years for people aged over 50. Cancer of the colon, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the colon. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system is made up of the esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines. The last 6 feet of intestine is called the large bowel or colon. After diagnosis and to fond out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the doctor needs to identify the stage of the cancer to start the appropriate treatment. Stage 0. The cancer is very early. It is found only in the innermost lining of the colon or rectum. Stage I. The cancer involves more of the inner wall of the colon or rectum. Stage II. The cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum to ne ...

Critical Analysis in a Literature Review - Proofeds Writin Tips

Critical Analysis in a Literature Review - Proofeds Writin Tips Critical Analysis in a Literature Review A literature review is vital to any in-depth research, providing a foundation your work will build upon. Familiarizing yourself with the existing literature allows you to identify current debates in the field, ensuring that your work is up-to-date and addresses significant questions. But a good literature review will require reading critically. This means deciding whether you agree or disagree with certain viewpoints, arguments and theories, rather than simply describing them. It also requires being able to spot the flaws and strengths of particular studies, which can in turn help when developing your own ideas. To make sure you do this effectively, its worth looking for the following things. 1. Overgeneralizations One common issue in research is the scope of its application, especially when dealing with limited sample sizes or when a study is generalized too broadly. The conclusions of a psychological study conducted with all male participants, for instance, may not be applicable in the same way to female subjects. 2. Methodological Limitations When writing a literature review, ask yourself whether the methods used for particular studies were appropriate. For example, whether the study used a quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods research design can make a big difference to the conclusions reached. 3. How Well Explained is the Research? When reading for a critical literature review, it is important to consider how well written the studies you examine are. Does the author explain their methods? Is enough detail provided for any experiments to be replicated? Are sampling, data collection and analysis techniques clearly identified? Does the conclusion follow from the results? Asking these and similar questions will help you discern between good and bad research. 4. Identify Biases Another important factor is to consider whether implicit biases might have influenced the research. The term â€Å"confirmation bias,† for example, refers to the tendency to focus on evidence which supports one’s existing beliefs, which can lead to overlooking alternative hypotheses. 5. Challenge Your Own Assumptions If you come across a study which seems to oppose your hypothesis, consider whether it presents good counterarguments to your own position. If it does, ask yourself whether this affects how you conduct the rest of your research. The final point here is important because conducting a literature review serves two purposes. The finished literature review will help your reader to understand the background of your research, so critical analysis helps to clarify what your work contributes to the debate. But comparing different studies and theories for a literature review will also help you to develop a research approach. The better your critical analysis, then, the better prepared you’ll be.

Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qatar - Essay Example tructure that exists within many of Qatar’s main cities, the nation itself has chosen to build new cities and form entirely new residential and commercial areas where none previously existed. This growth plan is of course optimistic but presents unique opportunities for the development and consideration of green/renewable energy alternatives that this infrastructure and society can leverage. Due to the fact that these cities are truly being born from nothing, the potential for developing a renewable and green infrastructure base is perhaps higher as compared to any other region of the world. Yet, opportunity alone does not create a guarantee that green and renewable energy will be the locus of interest for the developers of these respective cities. Instead, the remainder of this chapter will reveal the way in which approach determines whether or not the renewable/green infrastructure and energy provision that Qatar will engage within its new and developing cities will ultimate ly be successful or not (Koch 2014; Alzubaidi2013). Whereas it is of course tempting to utilize Qatar’s mass levels of financial reserves as a means of purchasing the most advanced green and renewable energy systems that are currently available, this particular temptation must at least partially be resisted. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that Qatar is a unique nation within unique latitude that exhibits a litany of unique environmental challenges. First and foremost among these is of course the fact that Qatar is a relatively hot climate that has very little rainfall and must therefore be considerate of the overall cyber resources that are involved in any means of energy production. Accordingly, one of the most effective processes that can be pursued is to ensure that Qatar utilizes targeted metrics and goals with respect to what it envisions as the future of sustainable and green energy within the nation. As such, rather than merely leveraging the state

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit Assignment

Scheduling Models for an Inpatient Nursing Unit - Assignment Example Below is a recommendation on the unit’s scheduling model. A flexible scheduling model is recommended for the unit because of its suitability for the unit’s environmental factors and because of its advantages relative to cyclical scheduling that the unit applies currently. One of the characteristics of flexible scheduling is its ability to adjust to changing environmental factors that are expected of the unit. Possible change from agency hiring identifies potential delay in filling vacancies and therefore temporary staff shortage. In addition, change implementation such as the introduction of a new electronic nursing documentation system and associated need for training induces temporary burden on personnel. The same effect is expected from the expected leave of an employee and a flexible scheduling approach would ensure ability to meet extra needs at minimum cost and efficiently. Being used to a flexible system, employees will likely accept changes for accommodating extra needs that if a cyclical system, which fixed, was in place. A ssociated resistance with cyclical system that would require temporary hiring of personnel or hiring of additional personnel o cover temporary shortages solves the cost problem. I addition to the cost and effectiveness advantages, flexible scheduling ensures personnel innovation, motivation, satisfaction, and unity and ensures that personnel work within their capacities. These also ensure sufficient coverage, quality, and stability. The scheduling approach requires coordination among personnel, who share patient, for quality output. Cyclical scheduling is not suitable for the unit’s dynamic environment, even though it has such benefits as â€Å"even coverage, high stability, and lower cost† (Ozcan, 2009, n,.p.). Interchanging shift patterns is also recommended because of the flexibility advantages. Implementing the change from

Injustice Anywhere Essay Example for Free

Injustice Anywhere Essay Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Before we make society understand the need of justice in this essay lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required and as, overwhelmingly important: justice can be thought of as distinct from, and more important than, benevolence, charity, mercy, generosity or compassion. All of these things may be valuable, but they are supererogatory rather than required. We need to know more than this: we need to know what justice is, not merely what it is not, and several answers to that problem have been proposed.. Justice is linked, both etymologically and conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for ones beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification the source or basis of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its overwhelming importance. Justice becomes more essential for Islamic country like our due to the emphasis of Islamic teachings on justice. As it is said in Quran: God enjoins justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbids indecency and abomination and wickedness. [Surah Nahl; 16:90] Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of revelation and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Thus, one of the early scholars of Islam has said that: Where the signs of Justice appear and its face is shown in any way that is where the Law of God and His religion are found. Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own self and our kith and kin, for love too can lead to injustice. O you who believe! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin [Surah Nisa; 4: 135] And if you give your word, you must be just, even though it be against your kin, and fulfill the covenant of God. For that is what He has commanded you that you may remember. [Surah Anam; 6: 152] The fear of committing injustice may even prevent the doing of an act that is otherwise permissible. In fact one of the derived principles of the Shariah is that all permissible things are permissible provided that no damage or harm results to others from their practice and that in the event that such damage or harm is -suspected or confirmed, the permissible shall be prohibited to avert such damage or harm. Issues of justice arise in several different spheres and play a significant role in causing, perpetuating, and addressing conflict. Just institutions tend to instill a sense of stability, well-being, and satisfaction among society members, while perceived injustices can lead to dissatisfaction, rebellion, or revolution. Each of the different spheres expresses the principles of justice and fairness in its own way, resulting in different types and concepts of justice; distributive, procedural, retributive, and restorative. These types of justice have important implications for socio-economic, political, civil, and criminal justice at both the national and international level. Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a fair share of the benefits and resources available. Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members. When issues of distributive justice are inadequately addressed and the item to be distributed is highly valued, intractable conflicts frequently result. Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes that ensure fair treatment. Rules must be impartially followed and consistently applied in order to generate an unbiased decision. If people believe procedures to be fair, they will be more likely to accept outcomes, even ones that they do not like. Implementing fair procedures is central to many dispute resolution procedures, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. Retributive justice appeals to the notion of just dessert the idea that . people deserve to be treated in the same way they treat others. It is a retroactive approach that justifies punishment as a response to past injustice or wrongdoing. The central idea is that the offender has gained unfair advantages through his or her behavior, and that punishment will set this imbalance straight. While it is difficult to give a complete and adequate definition of justice, most observers can recognize clear examples of serious injustice when they arise. Such injustice comes in various forms, wherever the norms of distributive justice, procedural justice, or human rights are violated. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. If voting or litigation procedures, for example, are perceived to be unjust, any outcome they produce is liable to be unstable and produce conflict. In addition,; any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. The highly-publicized rape case of Mukhtaran Mai, also referred to as Mukhtar Mai or Mukhtaran Bibi, highlights the Pakistani governments shortcomings in dealing with violence against women and its persecution of rape victims. In 2002, Mukhtaran was sentenced to be gang raped by a tribal council in the province of Punjab as punishment for her younger brothers alleged affair with a woman from a powerful clan. After the initial trial, six men were sentenced to death for the gang rape, while eight others were acquitted. However, last June, the Punjab High Court overturned five of the convictions and reduced the sixth to a life sentence. Mukhtaran Mai received donations adding up to $160,000 from New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristoff s coverage of the case. Mukhtaran has used the money to open two schools in her village, a shelter for abused women and provide her village with an ambulance. When Mukhtaran was invited to the United States to talk about her case, the Pakistani government fearing hat she would malign the countrys image abroad denied her travel visa to the United States, and placed her under house arrest. Only -fallowing great international attention and pressure was the travel ban lifted. While Pakistans High Court suspended the acquittals of Mukhtarans rapists and will be re-examining the case, the governments lassitude in amending the Hudood Ordinances which place insu rmountable obstacles for women to safely and successfully obtain justice in their rape cases foments an environment in which violence is perpetrated against women with virtual impunity. If women are unable to prove rape under the Hudood law, which requires four adult Muslim males to have witnessed the crime or the confession of the rapist himself, then the victims themselves may be tried for adultery or fornication. Mukhtaran is not the only victim of our political injustice. According to press reports cited by the Pakistan Human Rights Commission, a non-governmental organization, more than 10,000 women are raped every year in Pakistan, although the real figure is thought to be much higher. As in all countries, women are often reluctant to report rape, for social reasons as well as distrust of the judicial process. In Pakistan, there are additional legal barriers to pursuing a rape conviction. The rape law itself, one of the offenses of zina under the Hudood Ordinances, requires either the confession of the perpetrator or the eye-witness testimony of at least four Muslim adult male witnesses to the rape. If she is unable to prove rape, a woman who reports rape to the police is vulnerable to prosecution herself under the Hudood Ordinances for fornication if she is unmarried or adultery if she is married. In addition to these formidable legal barriers to the prosecution of rape, there have been several reports of police involvement in rapes and gang-rapes and of police protection of those accused of rape, particularly when they are from influential families. Women who have been raped are also at risk of honor killings, whereby a male relative kills them because they are thought to have dishonored the familys name in the community by transgressing social norms, which is seen to include having been raped. It has been estimated that on average one thousand honor killings take place each year in Pakistan. Even the Pakistan Governments National Commission on the Status of Women has recommended repeal of the Hudood Ordinances on the grounds that they are discriminatory towards women and not in accordance with Islamic injunctions. They are also contrary to the Convention on the Elimination of ; All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) , to which Pakistan is a party, and to the Constitution of Pakistan, which states at Article 25 that (1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled for equal protection of law. (2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone. Crimes of honor are a pre-Islamic practice deeply rooted in the tribal societies of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where Upper Dir is located, Balochistan province, as well as those of Sindh and Punjab where they are called karo kari. In these rigidly patriarchal communities, wives, daughters, sisters and mothers are killed for the least sexual indiscretion and upon the slightest suspicion of ad ultery. Murders in the name of honor fall under the purview of the customary qisas and diyat law. Riddled with flaws, it makes prosecution extremely difficult. Activists have been urging the government to reform the law but a bill seeking to bolster secular law against honor killings, presented in parliament last year, was defeated as un-Islamic. Drastic changes are needed,† Rakshanda Naz, resident director of Aurat Foundation told IPS. The social mind-set, specially the attitude of the courts, needs to change. Often the courts adopt a lenient view towards an accused on the grounds of grave and sudden provocation† which is nowhere in the law,† she added. Sections of the qisas and diyat law work to the advantage of the accused in the trial and appellate stages. Under section 309 of the law, an adult wall (legal heir) of a deceased could use his right of qisas (to forgive the accused). Similarly, under section 310, the offence of murder is made a compoundable offence and any heir of a deceased could forgive an accused by compounding his right of qisas after receiving compensation.. Since in most honor-related murders, either a husband or parents are the heirs of the slain woman and as the murder takes place in connivance with almost all the family members, they prefer to waive their right of qisas and pardon the accused. Each time, the judicial response has appeared to violate the basic principles of justice, activists observed. Uzma Mehboob, a womens rights activist, said no FIR was registered in a recent case in a remote hamlet in NWFPs Mardan district where a powerful landowner sprayed his daughter and driver, who had eloped together, with bullets. Economic injustice involves the states failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a fair share of the benefits and resources available in that society. Many scholars and activists note that in order to truly address injustice internationally, we must strive to understand its underlying causes. These causes have to do with underdevelopment, economic pressures, various social problems, and international conditions. Indeed, the roots of repression, discrimination, and other injustice stem from deeper and more complex political, social, and economic problems. It is only by understanding and ameliorating these root causes and strengthening civil society that we can truly protect human rights. Addressing political injustice is often a matter of developing institutions of fair governance, such as a responsible police force and judiciary. Legislative action and executive decision-making should likewise be held accountable. Such measures are sometimes a matter of reforming state ;gt; institutions or revising state constitution. In cases where some groups are excluded from political participation, the state can remedy violations of political rights by promoting political inclusion and empowering subordinate groups. Public decision-making should respond to the will of the citizens, and members of the society should have the opportunity to participate in the formulation, execution, and monitoring of state policies. In other words, a culture of political involvement and public participation should be fostered. In addition, there are various social structural changes that might give groups more social, economic, and/or political power. This is often accomplished through the strengthening of the economy and civil society in conjunction with democratization efforts. In some cases countries require outside assistance for election monitoring, nation-building programs and the development of governmental infrastructure to make their political system more stable. Addressing systemic economic injustice is often a matter of economic reforms that give groups better access to jobs, health care, and education. In many cases, lack of access to basic services stems from enormous inequalities in resource distribution. Redistribution of benefits and resources can thus- be an important component of social structural changes to remedy injustice. There are various institutional and economic development reforms that might be put in place to raise living standards and boost economic growth. In addition, by creating social and economic safety nets, states can eliminate tension and instability caused by unfair resource allocation. A central goal of responding to injustice is paving the way for future peace. Once conflict has ended and policies of oppression have been repealed, society members face the task of rebuilding their society. Many believe that measures aimed at restorative justice are well-suited for this task. Restorative Justice is concerned with healing wounds of victims and repairing harm done to interpersonal relationships and the community. It can play a crucial role in responding to severe human rights violations or cases of genocide. Huge advances are made when governments tell the truth about past atrocities carried out by the state. It is thought that true healing equires remembering the atrocities committed, repenting, and forgiving. War crimes inquiries and truth commissions can aid in the process of memory and truth telling and help to make public the extent to which victims have/suffered. One of the tragic examples of restorative injustice in Pakistan is of the incident of taking away Masihs children away from him. According to the law, all parents in Pakistan in cluding Christian parents such as the Masihs have the right to raise their children in their own faith. But the law isnt always followed in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Particularly when it comes to Christians. The girls were taken Jan. 25 by the familys landlady and her husband with police escorts. The couple contended that the children had converted to Islam and should no longer remain in a Christian home. The Masihs maintain that their daughters are still Christians, no matter what anyone says, and that even if they did convert to Islam, they should stay with their parents. But 14-year-old Nadia, 11-year-old Nyla and 9-year-old Nabila are gone, and its unclear whether theyll ever be allowed to return home. The city magistrate overseeing the case admits he decided against the Christians not on the basis of law but on public sentiment and a concern that he could have a religious riot on his hands. Legally speaking, they should have been given to their parents, says Kamran? Abdullah Siddiqi, leaning back in a cushioned chair in his office, where two armed policeman sit against a wall. But Siddiqi says if he did that, Some crazy person would come and say these are the children of Islam. Theyd say were going to chop you. Were going to shoot you. Were going to what did the KKK used to say in America? lynch you. Article 36 of Pakistans Constitution promises to safeguard the rights and interests of religious minorities. But human rights organizations say thats not happening. The U. S. State Department agrees, citing a government-fostered atmosphere of religious intolerance that has led to violence against religious minorities. In Pakistan, 97 percent of the population is Muslim; the rest is made up mostly of Christians but also of Hindus, Buddhists and other groups. Partly at the prodding of concerned American Christian groups, the U. S. Congress earlier this month passed legislation requiring the president to take action against nations that engage in a pattern of religious persecution. In the 1980s, the United States gave Pakistan billions of dollars for economic development. But in recent years, concern that Pakistan was developing a nuclear bomb has prompted sanctions, slashing aid to the millions of dollars, most of it for humanitarian, food and counter narcotics efforts. Pakistans decision to test nuclear weapons in May further cooled US Pakistan relations. Pakistans pattern of religious persecution, documented for years in State Department reports, could lead to further sanctions. This is not the only case, there are still many stories but the need here is not just to highlight the stories but also to make sure these stories end up with the mess they have already poured in our Islamic society. Restoration often becomes a matter of restitution or war reparations. In cases where clear acts of injustice have taken place, some type of compensation package can help to meet the material and emotional needs of victims and remedy the injustice. Repentance can also help to re-establish relationships among the conflicting parties and help them to move toward reconciliation. In some cases, conflicts can end more peacefully when parties acknowledge their guilt and apologize than when formal war crimes adjudication or criminal proceedings are used. In cases of civil war, because the line between offenders and victims can become blurred, a central goal of peace building is to restore the community as a whole. Restoration often becomes tied to the transformation of the relationship between the conflicting parties. However, such restoration cannot take place unless it is supported by wider social conditions and unless the larger community makes restorative processes available. Many note that an adequate response to injustice must involve social structural changes, reconstruction programs to help communities ravaged by conflict, democratization and the creation of institutions of civil society. Only then can the underlying causes of injustice be remedied.