Information

The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data, which is the plural of datum are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols that are unprocessed. The data being collected by Freeway Ford pertaining to the dates when cars were purchased and the names of the owners are just numbers and characters, and as my definition of Information below will show, the inability of Freeway Ford to translate this data into anything meaningful renders it short of being described as information. Information, on the other hand, is raw data that (1) has been verified to be accurate and timely, (2) is specific and organized for a purpose, (3) is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and which (4) leads to increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. The value of information lies solely in its ability to affect a behavior, decision, or outcome. A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things remain unchanged. In the case of Freeway Ford, if the company had been contacting customers about routine maintenance with the data it had collected about the purchase dates of cars and the names of their owners, and if the company had further followed up three to four years later, when car owners are generally known to be ready to trade in their cars to try and get them to do trade-ins with Freeway Ford, the data they had collected would have translated into something useful, something that could change the way business was being done, and would have information.

The Rights Of The Defendant In The American Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system enforces criminal statutes through the social and legal institutions in accordance with the prescribed criminal procedure and regulations. It consists of subsystems such as the law enforcement, the judiciary, the public prosecutors and defenders, probation and parole agencies and the corrections department, and the prison institutions (Frase and Weidner, n. d. ). The criminal statutes define crimes and their respective defenses. On the other hand, criminal procedure delineates the â€Å"the stages of the criminal process from arrest through prosecution, sentencing, appeal and release from prison† (Jacobs, 2007).The criminal justice system works both in the federal and state levels. Each has its own set of criminal laws, courts, enforcement agencies and probation systems (Jacobs, 2007). The foundation of criminal procedure is the U. S. Constitution (Jacobs, 2001). Specifically the Bill of Rights is placed in the Constitution to protect the citizens f rom the vast powers of government. It grants fundamental rights and liberties to all those living in the United States (Jacobs, 2001). The defendant in a criminal prosecution is entitled the presumption of innocence.This necessarily means that the burden of proving his guilt beyond reasonable doubt rests upon the prosecution (Jacobs, 2001). The due process clause of the Constitution accorded the defendant a wide array of protections and guarantees such as giving him an opportunity to be heard. The Fifth Amendment ensures that the defendant is not tried twice or more for the same offense and by the same authority. This is the right against double jeopardy (Jacobs, 2001) Moreover, the Constitution protects the defendant by guaranteeing that he does not testify against himself or the right against self incrimination (Jacobs, 2001).The rights enumerated under the Sixth Amendment refer to the codified rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. The rights of the defendant in criminal prosecution are: â€Å"1) right to a speedy trial; 2) right to a public trial; 3) right to a trial by jury; 4) notice of the accusation; (5) right to confront the opposing witnesses; 6) right to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses; and (7) the assistance of counsel or right to counsel† (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to a speedy trial prevents oppressive incarceration before trial and ensures defense by the accused of his cause.The right to a public trial acts as a safeguard against abuse of judicial power. Moreover, it also assures the accused that he is informed of the charges against him. This is part of due process (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to confront opposing witnesses refers to the right of the accused to cross examine said witnesses. He is also entitled to subpoena witnesses in his behalf (Oxford Companion, 2005). Finally, the accused is also entitled to be represented by counsel or a lawyer. The Eight Amendment on the other hand proscr ibes excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments (Jacobs, 2001). The rate of crime in the U.S. is quite appalling and this is blamed on the ineffective criminal justice system. The ineffective system is due to the â€Å"adversarial character and its irrational maze of procedural technicalities. † According to Maechling, the trial is characterized by artificiality whereby it is reduced into nothing but a sport game where defense lawyers try to outwit and use technicalities against the prosecution in their tactical defense theories. Frivolous objections and dilatory tactics mar the trial. By reason of this growing recognition, authorities have started to look into the possibility of reform in the criminal justice system.Synopsis of â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† The book written by Anthony Lewis was inspired by the actual court case, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for a felony in 1961 in Panama City. The felony under Florida law involved the breaking and entering the Bay Harbor pool hall. During trial before the trial court, Gideon requested for the court to appoint a lawyer to handle his defense. The judge denied his request on the ground that state law allows appointment of counsels for indigents for capital offenses and considering that the felony he was being prosecuted for is not one with a capital penalty but a misdemeanor, i.e. petty larceny; he is therefore not entitled to have a counsel appointed for him. Gideon had no choice but to represent himself. Gideon has been previously convicted of four felonies, homeless and destitute. He had only the education of an eighth grader. He conducted his trial and lost. He was sentenced to imprisonment of five years. Subsequently, he applied for a writ of habeas corpus before the state Supreme Court based on the alleged violation of his rights under the federal Constitution. This was denied.He filed his five-page Petition for Certiorari directed at the Supreme Court of Florida requesting for the Court to take cognizance of his case. He also filed an application to litigate in forma pauperis. His main argument was that his â€Å"conviction violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. † He claimed that when he was deprived the right to counsel during a trial for a felony, it was tantamount to depriving him his right to due process of the law. The Supreme Court of U. S. granted Gideon’s petition and the judgment of conviction was reversed and remanded to the Supreme Court of Florida.In so doing, the ruling in the case of Betts v. Brady and Progeny was overturned. In the Betts case, Court ruled that â€Å"the appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right essential to a fair trial† [316 U. S. 455 (1942)]. It laid down the principle that the right to be represented by counsel is not necessary in state cases involving non capital offenses except in special circumstances. In Gideon, the Court i n abandoning the Betts reasoning ruled that the right to assistance of counsel is imperative, basic and fundamental and the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the same be available and applicable in state courts.Synopsis of â€Å"The Onion Field† This book was written by Joseph Wambaugh. The novel is about the two felony car officers who patrolled the side streets of Hollywood and Sunset Boulevard. Ian Campbell was breaking in Karl Hettinger, who was newly assigned to felony cars. In the evening of March 9, 1963, both were patrolling and noticed a suspicious 1946 Ford. Both decided to check it out. The two men in the Ford were responsible for the robberies in the area. Powell exited the car and poked a gun at Campbell while Smith exited the passenger side.Hettinger was asked to hand his gun to Smith and both cops were forced to get in the Ford. Campbell at gunpoint drove the Ford while Hettinger laid flat on the floor of the backseat. They were assured that they would be rele ased when they get to the remote area so that it would take time for them to get help. After driving for sometime, they stopped and both were asked to get out of the car. Powell fired at Campbell and hit him in his mouth. Hettinger ran to the field while he heard four more shots. Both culprits were apprehended and went through custodial investigation. Both pointed to each other as to who shot Campbell.After many years of dilatory motions, appeals and lengthy trials, both were found guilty and sentenced to death in 1967. Since death penalty was abolished in the early 1970s, their sentences were commuted to life. Discussion and Analysis The main theme of Gideon’s is that society must protect a person charged with an offense. The rights and liberties afforded to him by the law and the Constitution must be strictly observed and enforced. The accused must be presumed innocent until proven guilty and he must be afforded the right to have counsel because this is part of the right to due process.The study of law requires knowledge, skill and experience in trial proceedings. Even an educated and intelligent man who is not properly educated and trained in law is considered incompetent and unable to defend himself. Courts are created to punish and deprive the guilty of their liberties through imprisonment and other imposable penalties. Thus, it is imperative that if a person is charged with an offense in court he must be able to put a defense and be heard by a properly trained counsel. To deprive him of this would be tantamount to depriving him of due process and would render nugatory the basic tenets of the Bill of Rights.A person charged of an offense would need the expertise of a counsel so that he does not risk himself of being convicted even if he be innocent simply because he does not know how to establish his innocence. More so an uneducated man, a feeble minded person or an indigent. Consequently, it becomes the duty of the court to appoint counsel so that such person may not be denied due process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The central theme in â€Å"The Onion Field† is that the defendants brought to trial are guilty already.It also justifies the use of deadly force by the police to achieve their ends so that it can serve to prevent crime. It also portrays the weakness of the legal system when it can be manipulated to prolong and lengthen the trial by legal tactics and dilatory measures by the defense which further victimized the cop who survived the crime—Hettinger. He was asked to relive and testify over and over again the details of the incident. The courts have been overly protective of the rights of the defendants that it defeats the very ends of a peaceful and safer society. Similarly, there are two models of criminal law that are subject of heated debates.Central to this controversy is rooted from the goals of the criminal justice system; firstly, the need to enforce and implement the laws to maintain peace and social order and secondly, the need to protect people from being victims of injustice. The first goal is the crime control model, as developed by Herbert Packer in 1960s while the second is the due process model (Schmalleger, 1999). The crime control model has placed its priority upon arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals. This model supports and justifies all acts of the police and prosecution on an all out war against crime.This includes profiling, sting operations, patrolling areas that are high risk and the like. It entails aggressive identification, pursuit, isolation and prosecution of the criminals. This model allows collateral damage or acceptable losses even if this be a human life (Perron, n. d. ). For instance, a 75-year old minister was handcuffed during a raid on drugs. He suffered and died of a heart attack. Later it turned out that the informant gave a wrong apartment number. The minister is considered a collateral damage in the war aga inst drugs (Perron, n. d. ).Moreover, the crime control model assumes the defendant is already guilty even before trial. In the book, ‘The Onion Field’ the investigating police officers already assumed that Powell and Smith are guilty of the crimes for which they were being investigated even before their trial. This can be seen from Smith’s apprehension when he was thrown to the floor of his bedroom and shouted at by the apprehending officers as a cop-killer. Due to countless motions and re-trials, Hettinger was made to relive and recount his ordeal. He was on moral trial by his colleagues.He resigned and got involved in petty thefts and was never the same again. Hettinger was the collateral damage. The Due Process Model focuses on protecting the rights and liberties of the defendant in criminal prosecutions. Perron, a certified criminal investigator claims that â€Å"the due process model demands a careful and informed consideration of the facts of each individ ual case. According to this model, law enforcement agents must recognize the rights of suspects during arrest, questioning, and handling. In addition, constitutional guarantees must be considered by judges and prosecutors during trials.The primary mission of the due process model is to protect innocent people from wrongful conviction. † This model is guided by the principle that it is better to release guilty persons than to prosecute and incarcerate an innocent person. It recognizes the innocence of the accused before conviction and therefore prescribes as an imperative the observance and respect to the rights of persons during criminal prosecutions. It protects the rights of an individual first and foremost since the rights of one represent the rights of the many (Perron, n. d. ).The book, â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† may illustrate the due process model. The case was heard at the time when the Betts principle was controlling. This means that the accused can only be appointed a counsel in case where he is charged with a capital offense. The Supreme Court overturned this dictum and laid down a principle that indigent defendants in all criminal prosecutions must be given the right to assisted by counsel otherwise this will be a denial of his right to due process. Gideon’s upholds the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions and considers him innocent until proven guilty.To a certain extent, the book ‘The Onion Field’ illustrates also a due process model principle in that the numerous trials and hearings manifested a system that allowed due process or the right of the accused to be heard and present his own evidence during trial. For the law enforcement, the due process model only frustrates and delays the elimination of crime in the society. It is claimed that observance of the rights of the accused only lengthens the process of putting the criminal behind bars. It protects the guilty at the expense of innocent individu als.On the other hand, advocates of due process model believe that crime control model is prone to commit errors that result consequently in the conviction of the innocent. They believe that it is too harsh and believes in the philosophy of a police state (Perron, n. d. ). Conclusion These two models are susceptible to being reconciled and rationalized. As proposed by a noted criminologist Frank Scmalleger in his book, Criminal Justice Today claimed that the American criminal justice system works as a ‘crime control through due process. ’ According to him, this new model balances the different strengths and weaknesses of the previous two models.It harnesses the strong points of each model and avoids their respective pitfalls. This means that law enforcement strategies to control crime and apprehend criminals can continue under the philosophy of still brining the defendant to court for prosecution. Although evidence may be gathered as to prove factual guilt still the jud iciary is left with the role of establishing legal guilt. The greatest challenge that is facing the criminal justice system is finding balance between the rights of the defendant in criminal prosecutions and the interest of the people in the society to impose punishment on the guilty.As between the crime control model and the due process model, I would prefer to live in the due process model of criminal justice. The United States symbolizes stability and democracy and its Constitution as the bedrock of society. Advocating crime control model would mean the higher risk of violations of civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and the principles embodied in the Declaration of Independence of our forefathers. All men are created equal with unalienable rights in seeking life, liberty and happiness. By leaving to the power and discretion of the police and law enforcement, the prerogative to adjudge guilt i.e. factual guilt would mean leaving the decision to curtailing freedom and l iberties in the hands of men who are not properly trained to seek legal guilt. It would also mean that rules in determining factual guilt may be relative and subjective unlike if this was determined in accordance with laws and judicial pronouncements based on jurisprudence and sound judicial principles. In order to keep order and peace in a society, laws are to be observed with uniformity and with a clear and informed consideration of the facts before one is convicted.The due process model makes use of an objective and just standards of determination of guilt or innocence rather than one that may be subjective and error prone. References Frase, R. and Weidner, R. â€Å"Criminal justice system – structural and theoretical components of criminal justice systems, the systems in operation, the importance of viewing criminal justice as a system. † American Law and Legal Information web site Crime and Justice vol. 1. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://law. jrank. or g/pages/858/Criminal-Justice-System. html. Jacobs, J.â€Å"Criminal justice in the United States: A primer,† American Studies Journal, 2007 Special Edition, No. 49. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://asjournal. zusas. uni-halle. de/76. html. Jacobs, J. , â€Å"Issues of Democracy,† 2001. Retrieved on November 9, 2007, from http://usinfo. state. gov/journals/itdhr/0701/ijde/jacobs. htm. Lewis, A. , Gideon’s Trumpet, (New York: Random House, Inc. , 1964. Maechling, Jr. , C. , â€Å"The crisis of an American criminal justice† 1996. Retrieved on November 20, 2007, from http://www. cosmos-club. org/web/journals/1996/maechling.html Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, â€Å"Sixth Amendment† (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Peak, K. , Justice Administration, third edition 2001, Prentice Hall. Perron, B. ‘The crime control and due process models’ The Criminal Defense Training Council. Retrieved on Novemb er 21, 2007, from http://www. defenseinvestigator. com/article10. html#_ftnref4 Schmalleger, F. , Criminal Justice Today, fifth edition, Prentice Hall 1999. Wambaugh, F. , The Onion Field, London: Quercus 21 Bloomsbury Square, 2007 edition.

Nurses Perspectives of Smoking Initiation, Addiction, and Cessation Essay

Nurses Perspectives of Smoking Initiation, Addiction, and Cessation - Essay Example The steps to inhibit the practice of smoking was taken through the medium of an in-depth understanding of the issues as related to the attitudes of the nurses toward smoking initiation, addiction and cessation. In addition, attempts were made to explore the preference of nurses for smoking cessation interventions. For the purpose of the study, a community-based intervention was conducted in an 8-week support group. The participants were required to initially complete a questionnaire, which held its base on previously validated instruments, which was used to assess demographics, smoking history and knowledge about cessation and advocacy. The personal characteristics of the participants were required to be included in the instrument. The questions presented were related with the age, race or ethnicity, gender, marital status and geographical location, smoking status. , education, years in nursing, certification, current position, involvement in patient care, and place of employment, de tails on smoking and cessation history. The survey was not inclusive of the names of the participants. The data obtained was analyzed line by line and within the framework of pre-established content area. The results revealed presence of four themes, which were initiation of smoking and addiction, myths and misconceptions about quitting, overcoming addictions, and strategies for improving on the platform of smoking cessation. The efforts of the addiction and cessation of smoking as mentioned by the nurses was similar to those, which were, presented by the general population. However, the smoking practice in nurses was found to associate with a feeling of guilt. Another important experience, which was mentioned by the smoking nurses, was their feeling of lack of understanding projected by fellow nurses and mangers regarding their need of quitting the smoking practice. Those nurses who had successfully quit the practice of smoking were motivated by health concerns, pregnancy and their children. The nurses were of the opinion that several interventions can act as supportive in their attempts of smoking. Some of these interventions include the worksite services and Internet support group. The paper concluded that the feelings expressed by the nurses regarding the cessation of smoking interventions was same as that presented by the general population. The nurses realized two major concerns and these included confidentiality about their practice of smoking and counseling on the regard of guilty feeling for being a smoker. The study adhered with the ethical principles and no revelation of the names of the participant nurses was made in the paper or otherwise. The method of data collection employed questionnaire, which held the advantage of being less expensive and with the type of questions selected, proved to be expressive. Other important benefits of questionnaire as a method of administration is that it is less time consuming and therefore nurses, as participants were not required to depart with their essential responsibilities in order to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire also holds the advantage of posing less pressure on the subjects for immediate response thinking and there is no need to have the technical skill as required in the case of interview

Organizational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational behaviour - Essay Example Company Profile 2ergo Group PLC is a proficient player in the mobile trade and marketing and is based in Salford Quays in England. Its areas of specialisation include, provision of software solutions, mobile entertainment, mobile website, mobile news. Their services are utilised in smart phone and mobile phone marketing, smart phone applications, mobile ticketing and coupons and secure payment solutions. It merges its inventive mobile technology together with its prowess in professional services to guide other smaller companies to improve and implement their mobile strategy. Companies that rely on their professional advice include Fox Sports, Aviva, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Fidelity and Procter and Gamble (2ergo Group PLC). They consult on how to enhance their customer relationships, boost their sales, cut down on costs and end to end mobile solutions. The company headquarters are in the UK and it has been on the forefront in facilitating innovative mobile business strate gies across regions and different sectors. The company has spread its wings in Australia, Latin America, North America and India. Additionally, it is listed in the London Stock Exchange. The company has enjoyed a rise in revenue over time owing to quality customer service, diversity in its goods and services, customer loyalty and sound business policies. Through partnering with like-minded players they have cut down on costs, opened new branches and increase in sales and revenues. Its performance has been recognised in the global scene through receipt of various awards including the Salford Business Award Deloitte Technology Fast 50 Winner Mobile Star Awards – Winner, Mobile Advertising and Marketing Awards (MAMA), MMA 2009 Global Awards – Finalist and The Revolution Awards (2ergo Group PLC). This goes ahead to prove that the company’s organisational behaviour is impressive and can be adopted by other companies to improve their performance. Coping with Technolog ical Changes and Innovation The mobile market has evolved rapidly in the recent past calling for far-reaching changes in the operations of the company (2ergo Group PLC). The company has made changes to keep up with the global standards in technology. The Group has focuses mainly on technological advancements by investing a substantial amount of resources towards the course strengthening their capabilities to offer unmatched customer service. The company has received several awards owing to their innovativeness and technological advancements. The company has devised the following ways to cope with technological changes and innovation. These include: 1) Partnerships The company has formed partnerships with leading companies in different fields so as to diversify their products and services and boost their sales. It has partnered with several global companies including NCR, Procter & Gamble and 3M (2ergo Group PLC). This association has attracted more partners including two top restaur ants in the US and Australia boosting their revenue and their customer base. This has led to the creation of the PizzaExpress app which has led transformation of online retail payment which received massive response from their customers. In conclusion, partnerships have

Romance Movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Romance Movies - Essay Example Characteristically romance movies usually have a theme of progression of a sensual and mostly sexual relationship that enhances a character growth mostly between the main actor and actress. Sleepless in Seattle is a perfect example. The movie revolves around Sam Baldwin who has just lost his wife to cancer, Sam's son Jonah thinks that his father needs another wife in order to get back on track, Jonah goes ahead and calls a radio station and he convinces his father to go on air too. The call is heard by6 many women on air including a journalist from Baltimore (Annie reed), well the rest is history. Other top rated romance movies include titanic (1997), pretty woman (1990), love story (1970), city of angels (1998) among others. Movies not only romantic movies are a nice mode of passing time as they also reduce incidences of idleness that is a major reason for drug abuse. In Addition, movies are a popular way of relaxing with friends and catching up on good times. They also assist their viewers to be updated on the current dating catchwords. Romance movies are good to watch any time. They provide viewers with an enticing time as they incorporate the themes of love and romance. These movies usually have a great impact on viewers since at the end of the day many adults as well as kids learn a lot from them. Relationship building: romance movies have both a positive and negative impact on viewer's re

Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Framework - Essay Example Lastly, I would take part in the procedure of reviewing the results of the market campaigns (Tranter et al, 2006). I am a detail-oriented individual and having this attribute could help me see unobvious opportunities and share it with the company aiming at creating an appropriate compliance and integrity framework to support innovation in solutions, processes, and products in a highly regulated world. I have a believe that all of these concepts will be tremendously useful in my CP (Uysal & Fesenmaier, 2001). However, I think I will not use the marketing plan concept since the organization has already put their marketing plan into action, but it will assist me to identify how it functions. The organization's culture centers on the workers wellbeing (Belch, G. E., & Belch, M.A., 2009). The organization strives to see that employees get secured, and contented knowing that all the fulfillment issues will be addressed and that there will be no pessimistic penalties for those who raise con cerns. The core of a robust compliance culture is an effective mechanism that permits employees to speak up, and raise actual or potential compliance concerns in a non-retaliatory environment so that they may be referred faster and effectively (O’Guinn et al, 2008). ... It was formed under the Royal act jointly between the government and the individuals of the state. At first, the government owned 50 percent of the total shares, when the corporate showed hard work and dedication the government gave ten percent of the shares to the workforce. This was intended to encourage other industrial sectors to add more effort to their activities. This corporation is located in the republic of Saudi Arabia. It has grown by ten percent current value in the fertilizer industry. It is, therefore, predicted that the fertilizer production in Saudi Arabia is going to grow in an alarming rate following the organization of this Saudi Arabia Fertilizer Company. Four other companies in this state have ventured in the production of Fertilizers and hence Saudi Arabia Fertilizer Company is facing stiff competition from these competitors (Canwell, 2004). The business world at present is facing several issues that impacts on their performances. Business corporations have expe rienced stiff competition forcing them to invent new ideas that are different from their competitors and get preferred by their customers. Therefore, managers need to be creative to evade this challenge. Another issue is security and privacy. Companies all over the globe are being challenged by the improved technology, which forces to adapt to the system to improve their security issues (Jansson, 2008). The external stakeholders including the customers, the workforce, and the government play a very significant role in the company. Without them, the company cannot prosper and be successful. Therefore, corporation is devoted to offering clients high quality products that meet their needs and expectations. Any risks associated with the company’s products, have the capacity to destroy

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example From 16 August 1990 he had been detained in Bedford prison for the reason of deportation3. The second applicant had come to UK on 12 September 1975 as a result of her marriage to the case`s first applicant back in India, and she presently lives in Luton together with the two kids of the family, who are also the 3rd and 4th applicants. Home Secretary of the day resolved that the claimant needed to be deported from British since his continued presence in UK was never conducive for the public good citing reasons that were political in nature, that is, the international fight against terrorism. However, the claimant stood a real risk if deported to India since he would be tortured or killed by security forces. He resorted to applying an asylum. However, the UK court did not provide an asylum seeker the proper chance to argue the case. In establishing whether it has been substantiated that indeed there is a factual risk that the claimant, if expelled to India, was to be exposed to treatme nt that is contrary to Article 3, the British Court assessed all the material positioned before it. The role of the court here was to uphold the law and protect human rights, and so it had to trade carefully in this case. The expedient of the appointing security-cleared counsel, directed by the court, who was to cross-examine witnesses and in general help the court to investigate the strength of the case of State, served to demonstrate that there are techniques that can be applied which accommodate legitimate security concerns regarding the nature and intelligence information sources and yet accord the person a considerable measure of procedural justice. Enshrined in Article 3 is among the most fundamental values of a democratic society4. The British Court is much aware of the immense obstacles faced by States in the modern times concerning shielding their communities from the violence of terrorist. However, even under these circumstances, the court, as stipulated in British constit ution, still uphold the law and hold high the dignity of human rights. The Convention outlawed in absolute terms, inhuman, torture, degrading treatment or punishment, regardless of the victim’s conduct. Contrasting many of the substantive clauses in the Convention and in Protocols Nos. 4 and 1, Article 3 creates no provision for exceptions5. Moreover, no derogation originating from it is permissible according to Article 15 even if a public emergency arises that threaten the life of the nation. The legality of the detention of an individual with an aim of deportation did not rely on whether the underlying decision of deportation could be justified, and that the appellants had never dared to challenge his detention independently as opposed to a decision to deport him. The court held that expelling the claimant might engage the responsibility of the State, as stipulated in Article 3 where substantial justification are shown for believing that there would be factual risk on the d eportee of torture, inhuman, punishment or degrading treatment in the receiving country. Clause in Article 3 offers a complete prohibition of torture in the expulsion cases. The deportee`s conduct can never be a material consideration for British court in a situation where substantial grounds indicate that the deportee would definitely be at

Human Belief System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Belief System - Essay Example Bruce focuses on the new biology known as epigenetic, which shows how the energy and consciousness are critical in changing life on earth as DNA and chemistry (Lipton 69). He brings his clarity, insight and humor unveiling how we perceive things including: 1. How thought and emotion controls the character of every cell. 2. Quantum physics and life 3. Cooperation and evolution and these are supported by following quote In fact, only five percent of cancer and heart suffering patients can associate their disease suffering to being passed on from parents to siblings. While the mediums of communication made a big excitement upon the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer genes, they failed to criticize critically that 95% of breast tumor are not caused by genetic material passed on parents to siblings. The tendency of a medical condition in a significant number of cancer patients is derived from environmentally leads to epigenetic alterations and not intercepted DNA." (Lipton, pg 72) Among the refuters of Lipton ideas is the selfish gene which is a book on evolution which builds its principal on adaptation and natural selection theory. The name expresses the gene view of evolution where it follows that two or more individuals are genetically related and that makes them behave selflessly with each other. The selfish gene concept is proficient at explaining many forms of altruism. An organism is expected to evolve so as to maximize its inclusive fitness thus a number of its copies are passed on globally, this make the population to evolve toward evolutionary stable strategy. He proposes the idea of initial molecule that multiplied itself and survived over the other genes. Gene combination helps an organism to survive and to reproduce thus improving genes own chances of being inherited. As a result, those that succeed will be beneficial to the organism. Genes can reproduce each other at the expense of the organism, and thus power struggle is limited. (Dawkin, 112) Explains that the selfish gene can be subtle gene, and its world revolves on savage competition, ruthless exploitation and deceit. The act of apparent altruism does not exist in nature he explain how a bee will sting and die to protect the hive and birds risks their life to warn the flock of an approaching hawk thus providing an explanation that it’s the selection that favors gene that promotes cooperation among them (P.30). This happened to the point that communal nature of a colonyidentical genesis for all intents and purposes unrecognizable. This theory of selective genes is similar to the theory of evolution According to the Charles Darwin he held an opinion that life is similar. Therefore, there are descendants who originate from a common ancestor have the same characteristics and thus presumes that development of life is purely natural and modified with descent. He explains the concept of natural selection where it seeks to preserve and accumulate minor and advanta geous genetic mutation (Charles 162). A good demonstration is where an individual inherits a negative gene, and in turn passes on to his or her descendants these inferior members of the same group will be disadvantageous and thus will be outlived by the superior ones who exhibit positive genes as inherited by them. Therefore from the above it shows that this theory refutes Lipton since cell control the

Supply chain management - optimization problem Coursework

Supply chain management - optimization problem - Coursework Example ), the second cash flow comes at the end of year two and gets an interest for one year (one thousand, one hundred ?), whereas the third cash flow happens at the end of year three and thus does not earn any interest (one thousand ?) (Leeman, 2010, 34). It is the value of cash or an asset at a given time or date in the future, which has a value that is equal to a particular amount of money presently (Leeman, 2010, 34). The Future Value can be calculated in two different ways as follows: For an asset that has a simple annual interest: Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by (1= (rate of interest* the total number of years)). For an asset that has an interest that is compounded years, Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by [(1+rate of interest) ^ total number of years]. One has to account for inflation when planning for his or her retirement. The nominal interest rate is generally used; thus even though he or she might have several ? in the future; we find that the mon ey will actually be worth less that the present million ? (Leeman, 2010, 34). For proof of the impacts of inflation take into consideration that one ? in the year 1940 is presently worth about only 8.5 cents. How do you apply FV to a house purchase of ?245,000/7%Int/30 FV =Â   FV = ?245,000* (1.1)30 ? 4275103. ... At one point, the company’s profits were decreasing because of the competence of its logistics management. The company over depended on the in-house manufacturing and distribution operations that were dysfunctional such as incompetent movement of goods along the chain of supply. These issues led to the chief executive Jim Maxmin choose to form a coalition with Federal Express BLS, which is the master of logistics (Leeman, 2010, 34). FedEx utilizes their logistical ability to operate as the inventory and supply agent for various enterprises whose main proficiency is in manufacturing. This move will also benefit the Federal Express since neither of these companies could perform their function well and the alliance formed gave the better of the two worlds. There are a number of essential factors that supply chain alliances should have in order to be successful. This is since its control is not only associated with the management mechanism they employ. The alliance partners should balance the control mechanism with trust building and the level of this trust largely depends on the alliance formed. Laura Ashley and Federal Express based their alliance mainly on trust with few elements of control in the official agreement. The agreement that Laura Ashley and BLS arrived at resulted to BLS taking over LA’s Newtown, distribution activities and Wales’s warehouse. Jim Maxmin initiated this process and handed the project over to the Global Operations Executive team for implementation. This led to the reformation of the current procedures and writing down of new incorporated distribution system. LA had to withdraw from warehousing, handling of goods with distribution and handing this task to a third party. He felt that this procedure would take

Configuring Static and Default Routes Essay Example for Free

Configuring Static and Default Routes Essay Write a paragraph (minimum five college-level sentences) below that summarizes what was accomplished in this lab, what you learned by performing it, how it relates to this week’s TCO’s and other course material; and just as important, how you feel it will benefit you in your academic and professional career. (10 points) Copy and Paste the following screenshots from your Configuring Static and Default Routes lab below. Task 4, Step 1: Paste a screenshot AFTER you execute the â€Å"show ip route† command. (2 points) Question: What is the significance of the â€Å"R*† next to the 0.0.0.0 network entry? What does it mean? (3 points) *Hint* Read and study the explanations within the lab for assistance. The R means that it got that information from the RIP command and the asterisk means that it is the default network. Task 4, Step 2: Paste a screenshot AFTER you execute the â€Å"show ip route† command (2 points) Question: What is the significance of the â€Å"S*† next to the 0.0.0.0 network entry? Explain the differences between the entry in Router3’s route table and the 0.0.0.0 entry in Router2’s table. (3 points) *Hint* Read and study the explanations within the lab for assistance. The S means that it is a static address and the asterisk means that it is the default. Task 5, Step 1: Paste a screenshot AFTER you execute the â€Å"ping† command (2 points) Question: What is the significance of the five exclamation points? (3 points) *Hint* Read and study the explanations within the lab for assistance. The five exclamation points are because it doesn’t have a direct route it is using the default route from the RIP. Task 5, Step 2: Paste a screenshot AFTER you execute the â€Å"trace† command. (2 points) Question: What is the significance of the milli-sec time references in the trace responses? (3 points) *Hint* Read and study the explanations within the lab for assistance or do a little Internet research. That is used to see how quickly the packets are sent and received.

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender In this report I will be evaluating the contribution of social perspectives to our understanding from the two topics found in: OU, DSE212 Challenging Psychological Issues, Book 2. The topics I have chosen for consideration of psychological research are language, and sex and gender. The approaches taken will be analysed the topic in general terms and not to focus on one particular aspect at detailed levels. It points to the lack of a conclusive answer which is caused by Psychology as a discipline being relatively young and still in early stages with a lack of adequately strong theories that might assist to connect otherwise contrasting perspectives co existing. The report concludes that different perspectives within psychology can coexist at times, though conflict is frequent throughout. Sex and Gender The Psychology of sex and gender is one the most topical, important and engaging subjects that psychology, it illustrates many of the difficult issues that psychological explanations must address, including the political implications of different perspectives and the challenging of integrating explanations. It has been a controversial topic since the inception of psychology as a discipline and it powerful illustrates some of the diverse approaches with the field. A deliberation of how psychology approaches the analysis of sex and gender discloses four psychological perspectives, these are: Biological sex differences: Explaining the differences between male and female and biological correlates of behaviour. Investigations ere conducted through scientific processes Evolutionary psychology: Explaining the differences in the behaviour between the sexes in terms of behavioural selection for reproductive fitness. Test are conducted empirically Social constructionist theory: Gender differences between the sexes through the study of discourse in various historical, cultural and social contexts and so is hermeneutic. Psychoanalytic psychology: Development and meaning of sexual differences. Studies are largely done through clinical observation. Direct impressions of the four perspectives are objects of knowledge of each of the perspectives are all valid and useful in general psychology of sex and gender,. They pose somewhat different questions, have different objects of knowledge and use different notions of evidences. These perspectives may be complementary, conflicting however the scope for co-existence is not transparent. Given that the perspectives do not share common objects of knowledge, however is there can be an underlying hope for complementary theories in which together they all contribute to a broad understanding. Sex refer to the biological basis of differences between the sexes, where as gender refers to social constructed categories pertaining to these differences. Assigning a sex to humans can sometimes be a complex process, biological characteristics such as genetics and hormonal used to designate male or female, can be unreliable in small proportions of case, due to genetic abnormalities, such as, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) and Klinefelterss Syndrome ((XXY) (OU, p137) Certainly the biological and evolutionary perspectives appear complementary at the theoretical level in that both regard biological sex as the determinant of gender and view differences between sexes as biological features that have been selected for during evolution. Evolutionary psychologists argue that sexual selections and the different optimal reproductive styles of our male female ancestors have results in some differences in the behavioural predispositions of the two sexes. These are seen to particularly apparent in the area of sexual behaviours and attitudes. Buss (1992), found while both sexes reported experiencing jealousy at the though of their partner being involved with another person, there were differences in the focus of their concerned. OU,p145) In humans, unlike in other animals, clear differences in brain structures that correlate with differences in adult behaviour patterns have proven difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless, imaging studies show some sex differences in brain functioning of Western adults. This is probably due, at least in part, to the brains plasticity.(Giedd et al, 1999) )p140). While some sex differences are clearly established at birth for most individuals, bodies and brained may become gendered over lifetime of use. A explanations would appear to be consistent with research findings from cross-cultural differences in male and females sexual behaviours, which Allen and Gorski, 1990 study has backed (OU, p139) However, biological psychology attempts to explain differences in male-female psychology in terms of selected physiological characteristics, for example dimorphism in brain structures (cf. Hofman and Swaab, 1991, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.139). On the other hand the evolutionary psychologist would principally argue in favour of selected behavioural characteristics such as differences between male and female sexual attitudes (cf. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.146). There is thus an apparent conflict at the level of analysis. It is therefore ironic that evolutionary psychology must perforce co-exist with biological psychology since, given the understandable constraints on its ability to conduct the sorts of empirical investigations that might be wished for (cf. Herrnstein-Smith, 2000, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.141), it is dependent on a certain amount of corroboration from the biological perspective, amongst others (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp.184). (22) Social constructionist point of view, they regard sex and gender as characteristics that are revealed only through discourse and action. These are consequence of the individuals behaviour and experience in a given cultural, social and historical context. The depth of the conflict is exemplified by a comparison of evolutionary studies that emphasise cross-cultural stability in particular sexual preferences (cf. Singh 1995, p.148; Buss and Schmitt, 1993, p.148, cited in Holloway et al, 2007) and social constructionist ideas such as Sandra Bem, who developed the idea of the cultural lens of musicality and femininity. This lens is a way of perceiving the world that makes behaviour and experiences gendered, this is called the Gender Schema Theory (1994, Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.153). According to the social constructionist perspectives, biological sex is not central to explaining what it is to be a man or a women, rather it is a signpost to which a whole set of us socially constructed gender differences are attached. In this account, social constructionist created discourse about masculinity and femininity are used by individual to create their own gendered subject positions. Whereas the biological and evolutionary perspectives agree that biological sex lies at the heart of explaining gender, the social constructionist perspective explicitly rejects that view; sometimes for political reasons. In relation to Sex and Gender, political differences are often exposed when conflicting accounts of differences occur. Gender and sexuality came to be seen, through Freuds work, as having far-reaching implications for the development of self. It largely complements the social constructionist, in terms of its interpretive or hermeneutic methodology, its explanations largely focus on the unconscious given that its objects of study entail the meaning of the biological differences between men and women and how these become internalised in the childs mind (OU, Holloway et al, 2007, pp.183). Thus both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives conflict with the biological and evolutionary approaches at the methodological level. Uniquely however the psychoanalysis perspective recognises both biological and cultural contributions to its theorising. It is not without its share of conflict however. Within the perspective, a important critical developments in the psychoanalytic theory sex and gender includes Freuds notion for the symbolic significance of the penis( and penis envy) quickly came under scrutiny from feminist psychologists to scientific practices. through Freud failure to consider the significant of womens genitals. (OU, Horney, 1926, , 2007, p.164). Language and Meaning There are three main perspectives used to examine the complex area of language, these are: Theory Methods Themes. These perspectives focus on different aspects of language including evolutionary developments of languages, the processing of languages and the construction of meaning through interaction. The study of language and meaning, one finds an equally intriguing mix of potential co-existence, complement and conflict when comparing the three principal perspectives. The evolutionary perspective sets out to explore language to understand how are related structurally and historically, how they are used differently by various social and cultural groups and how languages is used to communicate and create meaning. Language is the main medium for communication between humans beings and where we express, explore and pursue those goals that mean most to us .It is possible to view the three perspectives as at least co-existent. Their objects of knowledge are different and one might expect their cumulative product to contribute to some sort of unified theory. However, the potential for conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is revealed in how they view meaning as the object of knowledge. For the former it is something that is constructed internally by the individual prior to transmission, and subsequently reconstructed by the audience. For the latter it is negotiated as a result of discourse between individuals meaning emerges as the result of a complex interplay of intentions, interpretations and power-relations. Thus, there is cause for disagreement as to what meaning is and where it comes from (Sperber and Wilson 1986, OU, p100). That this is adequate to justify a claim of conflict seems weak since the types of meaning espoused by the two perspectives are themselves different. A major social constructionist argument against a purist cognitive perspective is that cognitive processes cannot be transparently reported. This argument is one that cognitive researchers have long acknowledged. Commenting on early research into the cognitive modelling of language Boden (1977, pp.113ff, et passim) notes that a persons understanding of language in a given instance is dependent, not simply on their knowledge of the world around them, but crucially on their understanding of their relationship with who they communicate with. Within the evolutionary perspective there is also a debate as to whether language evolved as an adaptation advantage and was the foundation for other cognitive abilities. Pinker (1994) believes that languages may have evolved through natural selection, perhaps in conjunction with other cognitive abilities, OU, p83) or as a consequence of selection for an ability to form our Metarepresentation (Sperber, 2000, p.86). These are contradictory and conflicting views.. The major differences between psychological methods based on natural science principles and those based those on hermeneutic principles means that preservatives based on these methods may have difficulty achieving more than uneasy coexistence. Psychologists do not stand on such substantial bedrock. The questions they pose are often difficult to formulate computationally without reducing the predictive power of any solution, whereas the history of physics can be measured in thousands of years, psychology as a recognisable discipline has existed for just over a century. A inevitable conclusion is that psychology is characterised by perspectives that at one or more of these levels conflict, co-exist or complement, No perspective on its own can tell the whole story. The perspectives and levels of analysis and explanations cannot just be combined without an account of how they interact. Word count: 1793 294 (References + Quotes +Titles + Bullet Points) = 1499

Theories of Development Essay -- Psychology, Freud, Erickson

Question #1 : Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erickson Freud’s Theory : Freud believed that most human behavior is motivated by the unconscious mind. â€Å"Freud proposed that personality has 3 structures : the id, the ego and the superego† (Santrock, 23). The id is the origin of personality driven by instinct. The id resides in unconscious rather than reality. The ego, another structure of reality, appears when children learn about the needs and constraints of reality. â€Å"The ego is called â€Å"executive branch† of reality because it uses reasoning to make decisions† (Santrock, 23). The id and the ego don’t make moral judgement or consider what is right or wrong. â€Å"The superego is the moral branch of personality† (Santrock, 23). Freud stated that the superego is a matter of â€Å"conscience†.† Freud believed that we all go through 5 stages of psychosexual development : oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital† (Santrock, 24). Freud claimed that the adult personality is determined by how we resolve conflicts between the sources of pleasure at each stage and the needs of the reality. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory : Includes 8 stages of human development. â€Å"Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved† (Santrock, 24). Trust versus mistrust is the first stage appears in the first year of life. Warmth that arises from a family makes children learn to trust and feel that the world is good to live in. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3 years of age) is the stage that children will try to do something by themselves and explore the world around them. If a child is limited too much or punish... ...aragraph, describing what you learned from completing this assignment. From completing this assignment, I have learned about human development in many areas from many different theories. I realized that a child will grow into adults with good quality, or an adult with no quality relies on many factors. Therefore, raising or teaching children is not just giving them basic stuff, such as feeding, sleeping or potty training but caregivers and early childhood educators need to learn about the environment around them that affects their behavior and development. Moreover, I think that caregivers, teachers and early childhood educators should apply all the theories about child development to their work. They should not rely on one theory to be able to understand a child because there might be many factors behind a child’s behavior.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Discrimination Race Racism Essays

Affirmative Action Because economic, social, gender and racial inequalities exist within the American population, it is in the best interest of its people and government to take action to amend these problems. Since the U.S has a capitalistic based economy, there is little that the government can do to completely end all inequalities. However, it can try to remedy racial and gender discrimination. The most realistic and supported program is Affirmative Action, which has many key issues: does the government have the right to enforce â€Å"reverse discrimination† or is it right to take race or gender into account for purposes of diversity and equality when evaluating college or job applications? The United States has a history of treating minorities, women and immigrants like 2nd-class citizens while favoring affluent white males (Schrag). In 1857, the Scott vs. Sanford decision stated that blacks have â€Å"no rights which the white man is bound to respect† (Davis). However, changes were made in the legal treatment of women and minorities with the 1866 Civil Rights Act that guaranteed every citizen â€Å"the same right to make and enforce contracts†¦as enjoyed by white citizens† (Sykes) and the 14th Amendment, which â€Å"grants citizenship to everyone born in the US, forbids states from denying ‘life, liberty, or property’ without due process of law, and guarantees equal protection under the laws† (DCLU). Despite such legislation, a major setback took place in the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson court decision upholding that â€Å"separate but equal† accommodations were constitutional (DCLU). Because of this forced inequality, many et hnicities were kept out of upper levels of American businesses and educational institutions (Hudson). The mid-20th cent... ...parently credible} The Hopwood Aftermath. University of Texas. 1 May 1997. . {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} Wydick, Bruce. â€Å"Affirmative Action in college admissions: Examining labor market effects of four alternative policies.† Contemporary Economic Policy. 20.1 (Jan 2003): 12-25. {primary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2001 and 2002.† {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Table 1: Income in the United States: 2002† pg. 3. {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Table 2: Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, 1983 and 2002 annual averages.† {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} Affirmative Action Essay -- Discrimination Race Racism Essays Affirmative Action Because economic, social, gender and racial inequalities exist within the American population, it is in the best interest of its people and government to take action to amend these problems. Since the U.S has a capitalistic based economy, there is little that the government can do to completely end all inequalities. However, it can try to remedy racial and gender discrimination. The most realistic and supported program is Affirmative Action, which has many key issues: does the government have the right to enforce â€Å"reverse discrimination† or is it right to take race or gender into account for purposes of diversity and equality when evaluating college or job applications? The United States has a history of treating minorities, women and immigrants like 2nd-class citizens while favoring affluent white males (Schrag). In 1857, the Scott vs. Sanford decision stated that blacks have â€Å"no rights which the white man is bound to respect† (Davis). However, changes were made in the legal treatment of women and minorities with the 1866 Civil Rights Act that guaranteed every citizen â€Å"the same right to make and enforce contracts†¦as enjoyed by white citizens† (Sykes) and the 14th Amendment, which â€Å"grants citizenship to everyone born in the US, forbids states from denying ‘life, liberty, or property’ without due process of law, and guarantees equal protection under the laws† (DCLU). Despite such legislation, a major setback took place in the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson court decision upholding that â€Å"separate but equal† accommodations were constitutional (DCLU). Because of this forced inequality, many et hnicities were kept out of upper levels of American businesses and educational institutions (Hudson). The mid-20th cent... ...parently credible} The Hopwood Aftermath. University of Texas. 1 May 1997. . {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} Wydick, Bruce. â€Å"Affirmative Action in college admissions: Examining labor market effects of four alternative policies.† Contemporary Economic Policy. 20.1 (Jan 2003): 12-25. {primary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2001 and 2002.† {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Table 1: Income in the United States: 2002† pg. 3. {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable} US Census Bureau. â€Å"Table 2: Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, 1983 and 2002 annual averages.† {unrestricted; print via internet; reputable}

Peaches Essay -- Literary Analysis, Reginald McKnight

In the story â€Å"Peaches†, Reginald McKnight introduces his main characters, one being Marcus. Marcus is a good guy, but he is described in different ways, due to his confidence and insecurity. Throughout the work, author Reginald McKnight takes great care to illustrate situations and describe feelings and personalities that many men experience. This way, even though Marcus is having trouble controlling himself around other people and arrogant at times, he still tries to be a better person for Rita and for himself. He does this by going out of the country to experience other cultures and enhance his morals. On one level Marcus demonstrates that he is incredibly confident, on the other level he shows signs of being insecure, manipulative, unstable and incapable of achieving change. Marcus’ actions continually demonstrate how confident he is. Whether he is next door or across the country, Marcus always has his eyes set out for Rita because he sees her as _______. While, he claims â€Å"I have had relationships with Black women and Hispanic women, and Asian women† (75), thinking his experiences with other women instantly make him capable of understanding Rita. Because of ______, Marcus thinks such an understanding of Rita would be ________. He is so eager to be with her that he fails to see her as an individual. To Marcus, past experiences are enough to sustain a healthy relationship. According to Marcus, he had â€Å"been through this before† (75) and told Rita she could tell him anything, thinking it had to do with a cultural gap. In fact, Marcus said to Rita, â€Å"You can tell me. I think I’d understand† (75). [What is he referring to here?] His confidence paired with his need for Rita’s recognition and approval makes it appear that his confidenc... ...anipulative, and unstable. In creating a character so confident, insecure, manipulative, and unstable, Reginald McKnight also creates a character we can sympathize with. McKnight created a sense that Marcus was a confident individual, who set himself apart from society, but in doing so, he set himself up for failure. Where the one woman who could make all the difference began to fear him. Once that happened, everything went downhill as soon as Marcus began to dismiss Ritas response at any given point. Whether or not he was fully aware, Marcus built walls around him and avoided speaking about his personal life with any sort of depth. This, if anything, makes us aware that negative remarks and statements can lead to a very negative result. We are forced to form our own conclusion and conform to the fact that no matter how many miles away, one person may never change.

Biopure Corporation

DATE:March 16, 2013 TO:Carl Rausch President and CEO of Biopure Corporation FROM:Hoang, Ann and Mishra, Ravi RE:Whether and When to Launch Oxyglobin Biopure needs to determine the best course of action to launch two new products, Oxyglobin a blood substitute for the veterinary market and Hemopure a blood substitute for the human market. Oxyglobin has been approved for commercial use and is ready for launch while Hemopure is expected to be FDA approved within two years. Biopure needs to decide whether and when to launch Oxyglobin.If decided to launch, the ability to price Oxyglobin appropriately is critical to minimize the impact of prospective launch for Hemopure. We believe Oxyglobin should be launched immediately because of realized potentials and benefits. The potentials are: to create a brand image for blood substitutes, to create a competitive advantage by first launch, to have the benefit of â€Å"go to market† with production, sales and distribution, and to create reven ues to launch Hemopure. The potential revenues earned from Oxyglobin could be used toward building another facility for manufacturing of Hemopure.The possible obstacles Biopure might encounter with Oxyglobin are: veterinarians may not recommend and/or perform blood transfusions, the ability to produce Oxyglobin when Hemopure is launched, and Biopure has little or no experience with launching of high R&D profile products. Oxyglobin can be launched successfully because it is FDA approved and will be first in the market as animal blood substitute. As indicated on the survey, veterinarians may not recommend the use of it because it is an expensive product; however, pet owners showed interest and preferred to be informed of alternative treatments for their pets.Therefore, Oxyglobin should be launched with a starting price of $200 per unit. Biopure should use in-house sales force to distribute Oxyglobin to save approximately 30% of the fees charged by the third party distributors. By laun ching Oxyglobin, Biopure will create revenues to continue with research and development for Hemopure. When Hemopure is launched, the marketing and distribution issues encountered during Oxyglobin launch can be avoided. Based on the SWOT analysis shown (Table 1: SWOT Analysis for Oxyglobin), we believe Biopure should start selling Oxyglobin immediately.To address Ted Jacobs’ argument regarding the size of the veterinary market and the price sensitivity, which may impact Hemopure’s price when launched; we believe that because of the physical characteristics of these two products (Oxyglobin is targeting veterinary market and Hemopure targeting human market), pricing would not be a major concern for the following reasons. Launching of Oxyglobin will create a competitive advantage because Oxyglobin is unique, first of its kind, first to market, and with no competition. Oxyglobin will achieve prominence as a breakthrough discovery product of the century.It would take the com petitors between 2 to 5 years for a new product to get approved and ready for market. Oxyglobin will proliferation Biopure’s reputation, credibility and have a greater impact on an IPO when the company decides to go public. Oxyglobin will generate revenues to boost Biopure development efforts ahead of its competitors in obtaining FDA approval for launching of Hemopure. Biopure will have a better knowledge and understanding of market strategies based on lessons learned from launching of Oxyglobin.In two years, Biopure would also have established a robust distribution network in time for launching of Hemopure. Launching of Oxyglobin will also minimize Biopure overall potential risks; if Oxyglobin fails, then the lessons learned would help to alter strategic decisions for launching of Hemopure (see Table 2: SWOT Analysis for Hemopure). Based on our analysis, we recommend that launching of Oxyglobin at this point instead of waiting for two years or more to launch Oxyglobin with H emopure represents the best solution to the primary concern facing Biopure at this time.If launched together, Biopure may be able to sell at a high price, and make more profit with per unit cost for both products. The overall profit would be minimal because there would not be as many units of each product to sell since Biopure has to share the same facility to manufacture Oxyglobin and Hemopure. Biopure would also lose out on the potential revenues it will generate to increase production capacity for Hemopure. There would be zero profit for two years which will not bode well with the stockholders. Exhibits STRENGTHS |WEAKNESS | | | | |FDA approval for commercial use as blood substitutes for the |Undesirable side effect such as discoloration of urine and | |veterinary market |gastrointestinal problems | |Competitive advantage, first company to receive approval for blood |Single manufacturing facility for Oxyglobin and Hemopure. |substitute of any type |Small veterinary market for Ox yglobin | |No competition for Oxyglobin |Price sensitivity within the veterinary market | |Possible brand image for â€Å"blood substitute† |No established network of distributors | |Sufficient source material e. . blood of cattle to support the full |Annual capacity of 300,000 units | |production capacity | | |Raw materials cost is $1. 0 per unit | | |OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS | | | | |Establish brand image/position for â€Å"blood substitute† products |Lower the market price for Oxyglobin may result inability to recoup | |Success of Oxyglobin will bring opportunity for Hemopure |development costs | | |Negative impact on the ability to appropriately price Hemopure | | |Competitors to enter the veterinary market with their own product | |Table 1: SWOT Analysis for Oxyglobin | |STRENGTHS |WEAKNESS | | | |Stored at room temperature |Single manufacturing facility for Oxyglobin and Hemopure. | |Disease free |Annual capacity of 150,000 units | |Longer shelf life for up to 2 years |Universal blood substitute | |Immediately 100% efficient at transporting oxygen |Short half-life | |Purity, efficacy and convenience |Potential of higher toxicity | |Raw materials cost is $1. 0 per unit | | |OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS | | | | |Experience in marketing of Oxyglobin |FDA rejects Hemopure | |Advantage for brand image for â€Å"blood substitutes† from Oxyglobin |Competition from Baxter’s HemAssist and Northfield’s PolyHeme | |Increase in demand for blood substitute is expected to increase with | | |the aging population | | |Table 2: SWOT Analysis for Hemopure |

Learning Styles & Personality Types

Teamwork: Balancing Learning Styles and Personality Types R. Haynes GEN200 October 7, 2010 Abstract Three different learning styles and personality types were assessed to identify a strategy for the three to collaborate and communicate effectively in a team-setting. The use of the Myers-Briggs personality type indicator and Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences determined the different personality types and learning styles to study. Every personality type and learning style offers skills and abilities beneficial to teamwork.Students and employees benefit from knowing their personality type and learning style. It allows them to determine how they will best contribute to a team. Teamwork: Balancing Learning Styles and Personality Types Even though undefined, knowing one's learning style and personality type allows one to determine their skills and abilities to excel. The Myers-Briggs personality type indicator and Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligen ces was used to assess different personality types and learning styles.These assessments are used by schools as well as employers; the results of these assessments bring self-awareness allowing one to determine how one works individually and what one has to offer to a team. Teamwork is a part of everyday life; whether one is a student or an employee. As a student to know one’s learning style or personality type helps one discover the best way to study and retain information. It also allows one to assess how well one can contribute to and collaborate in a group project.As an employee, one works with a team daily therefore knowing the way one learns or one’s personality type allows them to â€Å"pinpoint your own strengths and weaknesses and let your teammates know where you can excel† (Wee ; Morse, 2007, para. 8), which makes delegating tasks and roles easier. In either setting, one can play up their strengths, build weaknesses, and focus their career to their sk ills and abilities. One’s learning style is â€Å"your mind’s particular way of taking in and processing information† (Carter, Bishop, ; Kravits, 2007, p. 38).Verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, and visual-spatial are just three of many learning styles one may fall into. A verbal-linguistic learner uses language to learn and can listen, memorize, and speak well. An interpersonal learner relates to others and considers the perspective of others. They learn best in group discussions or group activities. A visual-spatial learner is capable of perceiving and creating images. They use charts, diagrams, or graphs to learn effectively. For these three learners to work effectively together consider developing study groups in which each learner teaches the information to the group.In the study group include graphs or PowerPoint presentations for visual-spatial learners, group discussion for interpersonal learners, and outlines of the presentation for verbal-linguistic lear ners. Including different techniques will help each learner to perfect strengths and build weaknesses. An individual’s personality characteristics identify how one learns, thinks, reacts to others, and retains information. The three personality types that were assed were an Organizer, Adventurer, and a Giver. An Organizer is responsible, disciplined, and loyal.They work well in structured environments. An Adventurer is courageous, flexible, open-minded, and hands-on. A Giver is adaptable, honest, has open communication with others, and promotes potential in others. For these three personality types to collaborate together, the Organizer should create a schedule of tasks. The Giver and Organizer should request feedback to ensure all tasks are being met and each group member is equally participating. They should develop a game or use music to help memorize material or to present material for the Giver and Adventurer.All three personality types would enjoy working in a group wit h open communication. In a group, they can present new ideas to each other and establish those that work best to achieve their goal. In conclusion, although undefined, knowing one's learning style and personality type allows one to determine their skills and abilities to excel for two main reasons. First, one will be aware of what areas are their strongest and weakest. Most important, one will be aware of how one works individually and what one has to offer to a team.Personality types were assessed using the Myers-Briggs personality indicator and learning styles were assessed using Howard Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences, which is used by schools as well as employers. These assessments prepare one for collaborating and communicating in a team either at school or in a work environment.References Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , & Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to College Studying: Become An Active Thinker (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company. Wee, J. , & Morse, O. (2007, Aug). Juggling People-Secrets for Successful Teams. Cost Engineering, 49(8), 38.

Donne as a Distinctive Poet Essay

One of the most original and controversial poets in the history of English literature, John Donne (1572-1631) is best known for his metaphysical poetry on topics as diverse as the joys of lovemaking and humanity’s subservience to God. John Donne wrote energetic, rigorous but uneven lines characterized by complex, witty conceits—contrasts and paradoxes—startling extended metaphors, and striking imagery juxtaposing the earthly and the divine. Eighteenth-century critic Samuel Johnson noted that in Donne’s work, â€Å"The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together; nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, comparisons, and allusions. † The Age of John Donne The age of John Donne was an age of transition, standing midway between the age of Shakespeare and the Jacobean age (1572-1631). The age of Donne would effectively and substantially cover the first thirty years of the seventeenth century. This age stands midway between the age of Shakespeare-and the age of Milton. There is, however, some over-lapping which cannot be avoided because literary periods or ages cannot be separated chronologically. It was a period of remarkable literary activity, a sort of prolongation of the Elizabethan age. The revival of learning had influenced not only Italy and Germany but also England. The classics were studied minutely and from a new angle. The re-discovery of the literature and culture of the past-known as humanism-gave the writers a new outlook on life. Life was a gay game and not a sorry penance. The new ideal man was to be a perfect courtier, a perfect soldier, a perfect writer and, above all, a perfect gentleman. For this, he had to undergo comprehensive training and a rigorous discipline. Many changes in the political, social and economic domains were being effected. Colonial expansion and increase in industry and trade made people materialistic. The study of medieval literature developed the minds of the readers. Though education was not so widespread, the common man spared no opportunity of obtaining knowledge from any source. Medieval beliefs held their ground both in John Donne and his contemporaries. The Reformation was a direct challenge to Rome. Why should Pope be supreme in the matters of religion? Religion, after all, is a personal matter and no dictation should be tolerated from-outside. Nationalism in its wider connotation was responsible not only for a new literature, but also a new faith. The abuses and weaknesses of the Catholic religion were laid bare. The new Church of England came into being. Donne, like some of his contemporaries, felt within himself the conflict of faith. His scepticism, his humanism and his learning made him challenge the faith of his ancestors. The result was that after a good deal of heart-searching and vacillation, Donne embraced the Established Church of England by 1598. But it was not until he was ordained in 1615 that he became a confirmed Anglican. The heritage of Queen Elizabeth, who died in 1603, was one of peace and prosperity. It was also one of centralization. Although her monarchy had not been an absolute one, she delegated her authority wisely, and patriotism was loyalty to the Queen. Religion and politics were closely linked. Elizabeth, as the supreme head of the Church of England, maintained religious tolerance as the Puritan and Catholic minorities strengthened. James I, formerly James V of the Scotland, took over the English throne in 1603 at the death of Elizabeth. Though widely hailed at first, Englishmen rapidly became disillusioned with him. James did not understand the people he ruled, nor the nature of his office. He allowed his favourites and the Spanish government to influence him; his failure to recognize the rising power of Parliament, his reversion to rigid views of absolute monarchy, and the luxury and the corruption of his rule, and religious schisms widened and Puritanism and Roman Catholicism became more militant in their fight against the established Church of England. Political strife, intermingled with growing religious dissension, was brought to a head by his insistence on the oneness of Church and state. The conflict between Church and State led men o wonder which was superior, with the answer resting in man’s own conscience. The questioning of civil authority, of where true sovereignty should lie, made it possible to rebel against a king. The growth of the middle class, the rise of political parties, and the estrangement of the Puritans led to a long civil war. Charles I, who began his rule in 1629, following the death of his father, was beheaded in 1649, whereupon a Commonwealth was begun by the Puritans, leading to the eventual military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell, who, nevertheless, brought some measure of peace and stability to a turbulent England. Yet the idea of a military dictatorship was abhorrent to Englishmen and upon Cromwell’s death in 1660, Parliament invited Charles II, in exile in France, to return to England and resume the rule of the Stuart kings. Life History John Donne was born in 1572 to a prosperous London family. His mother came from one of England’s most distinguished Catholic families. John Donne was the grandson of the dramatist John Heywood, the nephew of Jasper Heywood, who led the Jesuit mission to England in the 1580s, and a great-great-nephew of the Catholic martyr Sir Thomas More. After receiving his early education from the Jesuits, in 1584 Donne began study at Oxford. Oxford would award Donne his degree only if he renounced his Catholic faith, as was standard practice at the university at that time. Defiant, Donne left Oxford and pursued legal studies at the Inns of Court in London, where he was known both for his dandyism and his serious study of legal and religious issues. During this period Donne wrote many epigrams, satires, verse letters, and elegies which were shared among friends in his literary circle but remained unpublished during his lifetime. After completing his law degree in 1596, Donne accompanied the Earl of Essex on two naval expeditions against Spain, writing of his experiences in the poems â€Å"The Storm,† â€Å"The Calm,† and â€Å"The Burnt Ship. † Returning to England in 1597 Donne became secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton. Four years later Donne secretly wed Ann More, Egerton’s sixteen-year-old niece. Enraged, More’s father had Donne imprisoned until 1602. Donne left prison without a professional position, social standing, or much hope of a career. From 1602 to 1615 Donne was able to support Ann and heir growing family—which eventually included ten children—only through the generosity of friends and patrons. His letters from this period chronicle his struggles with depression and illness. Strong religious feelings, mixed with intellectual discontent, deep cynicism, and despair are evident in the Holy Sonnets,which Donne wrote but did not publish at this time. It was also during these years that he wrote his finest love poetry. Donne had been offered a position in the Anglican Church as early as 1607 but did not accept ordination until 1615, when it became clear that King James I would advance him through the Church. He became the King’s chaplain; and the next year he was made divinity reader at Lincoln’s Inn. Ann died in childbirth in 1617. In 1621, a mere six years following his entry into the priesthood, Donne became Dean of St. Paul’s, and his sermons became widely heard and admired. He stated that he was happy in the rejection of â€Å"the mistress of my youth, Poetry† for â€Å"the wife of mine age, Divinity. † Nevertheless, when he was struck with a fever in 1623 and thought he was dying, he wrote â€Å"Hymn to God the Father† and â€Å"Hymn to God My God, in My Sicknesse. † John Donne died in 1631.

Far from the Madding Crowd Thomas Hardy Essay

The following is a summary of critical viewpoints on Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd. See also Thomas Hardy Literary Criticism, Thomas Hardy Short Story Criticism, and Jude the Obscure Criticism. INTRODUCTION Long considered one of England’s foremost nineteenth-century novelists, Hardy established his reputation with the publication of Far from the Madding Crowd in 1874. It was the first of his so-called â€Å"Wessex novels,† set in a fictitious English county closely resembling Hardy’s native Dorsetshire. The novel, whose title was borrowed from Thomas Gray’s famous â€Å"Elegy in a Country Churchyard,† initially appeared in magazine serial form and was the first Hardy work to be widely reviewed. Variations of its rustic characters and settings were to be repeated in several future novels. The novel’s protagonist, Bathsheba Everdene, would also presage other strong Hardy heroines. Plot and Major Characters Bathsheba Everdene, who has inherited a large farm from her uncle, becomes the center of attention for three men. After a chance meeting with a gentle sheep farmer, Gabriel Oak, Gabriel proposes marriage to Bathsheba, but is refused, as she does not consider him a proper suitor. Gabriel loses most of his herd and becomes a faithful shepherd for Bathsheba. She then meets a neighboring well-to-do farmer, Mr. Boldwood, who impresses Bathsheba. She later capriciously sends him a valentine, which excites Boldwood, and he later proposes marriage. Bathsheba puts him off, but it is assumed that she will succumb. In a subplot, a marriage between Bathsheba’s servant, Fanny Robin, and the dashing Sergeant Troy is stopped because of a misunderstanding. Troy turns his attentions to Bathsheba and impresses her with his dazzling sword practice. Troy gains her hand in marriage, leaving Boldwood heartbroken. Meanwhile, the hapless Fanny dies in the workhouse, and her body is brought back to Bathsheba’s farm. Bathsheba discovers the corpse of a baby, Troy’s child, beside that of Fanny. Troy then disappears, and when his clothes are discovered on a beach, it is presumed that he has drowned. Boldwood reappears on the scene, and Bathsheba agrees to marry him out of a sense of remorse. Troy, however, unexpectedly returns and is killed by the distraught Boldwood, who is later tried and found insane. Bathsheba is at last ready to see the true worth of Gabriel, who has faithfully waited like the Oak of his last name, and the two are married. Major Themes A facile interpretation of Far from the Madding Crowd would be that true love triumphs over adversity. Since Hardy’s ending, however, has often been criticized as contrived, other dominant themes in the novel should be explored. The â€Å"Wessex† setting is almost a theme in itself, with the changeless rhythms of nature and agrarian life set against the vicissitudes which confront the characters. It is noteworthy that the most positively portrayed characters are those closest to the earth, such as Gabriel and the peasants who work the soil. The timelessness of the setting is contrasted with the struggles that the characters face against time and chance. Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path. Another important theme is that virtue will ultimately be rewarded. Bathsheba’s final acceptance of Gabriel is a form of redemption for her earlier willful behavior. The development of Bathsheba’s character reinforces the ideas that vanity is futile and that rebellion will ultimately be put down for the good of the community. While Bathsheba ultimately is portrayed as a reformed character, the reader may find that her old feisty self was truly more interesting. Critical Reception Far from the Madding Crowd was the first Hardy novel to receive considerable critical attention. It was widely reviewed in England and also marked an important stage in the growth of Hardy’s international reputation; the Paris journal Revue des deux mondes, for example, made it the occasion for a long survey-article on Hardy’s work to date. After the appearance (anonymously) of the first installment, the Spectator observed that â€Å"If Far from the Madding Crowd is not written by George Eliot, then there is a new light among novelists.† Critics during a number of decades have noted that the early serialization of the novel presupposed certain conventions, which could account for the melodramatic nature of many of the scenes. Study of Hardy’s manuscript has shown that he had to make extensive alterations in the portions of the novel referring to Fanny Robin and her illegitimate child. Hardy was widely read and respected at the turn of the twentieth century, but a perception that his work was mostly for a popular audience discouraged serious criticism for several decades. In 1940, a seminal issue of the Southern Review devoted solely to Hardy precipitated a rebirth in Hardy criticism. Early modern critics tended to praise Far from the Madding Crowd’s evocation of rural life or its universality of theme. By the 1960s and 1970s, Freudian and feminist criticism predominated. In the 1980s and 1990s, critics used a wide variety of critical approaches to Far from the Madding Crowd. While some reviewers continued to adopt a New Critical stance, most were influenced by deconstructive or New Historical techniques. A few of the themes critics exploited were the forms of love in the novel, its subtexts, Hardy’s narrative techniques, the relationship of Far from the Madding Crowd to Hardy’s own life experiences, and the novel’s treatment of gender and power. Reviews of film and television adaptations of the novel formed a wholly separate genre of criticism.†

Fifth Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fifth Business - Essay Example The snowball that hit Mary Dempster caused the premature birth of Paul and the insanity of Mary. This episode in his childhood had brought Dunstan an unending guilt that had enveloped him all through his life. There were several people whom Dunstan had met that helps him understand his roles as well as let himself loose of the burden of guilt he had felt since that eventful day with Staunton and Mary Dempster. Myth finds a place in the heart of Dunstan and teaches him to grow. Magic is the escape of yore that Dunstan seeks and successfully rediscovers. Religion, myth, and magic are intertwined in Dunstan Ramsay's life, crucial for the completion of Ramsay as a person through the wonder they inspire. (http://www.geocities.com/echomyst/literature/fifth_business.html, para 1) Being a saint and being a mad person depend entirely on how people thought of one's personality. The religious practices and influences of one person according to his or her beliefs affect how people would see one's perception towards him or her. Dunstan Ramsay's taking full responsibility of Mary Dempster had taught him the saintly versions of life. She had shown him several miracles that had brought him closer to her that he regarded Mary as more than his friend, but a spiritual guide - a fool-saint who has nurtured his soul. His feelings towards him were even more than the maternal love he had felt towards his own mother. The miracles that Mary had shown her were those when she brought his brother back to life, that she appeared to him in his own war (World War I) related illness, and that she converts a dirty tramp into a minister - Surgeoner, whose life Mary changed forever and now heads the Lifeline Mission. (http://www.geocities.com/fossilfreak/books/fifth.html, para 3 & 15) However, Dunstan attitudes towards Mary were contrasted by the society such that they regard her as a "mad" woman that even her husband sees her a his "heavy cross." He had a totally different view of Mary's personality even though his innocence ked him to see her sexuality as "madness," he was still able to accept her as a "wise woman" and as a "saint." ("Dialectic") This situation in the novel only shows that a saintly representation of someone else to another person may sometimes be a madness to other people as dictated by his or her religious beliefs and the people he or she is associated with. Furthermore, these representations or views towards other people changes as one encounters other situations that might lead him to discovering new worlds of manly desires and characters. Conclusion There is therefore a thin line separating personal mythologies such as being a saint and being a mad person as perceived by other people. These perceptions are based on how one's personality is able to influence the life of another in a way that would relieve the burdens that a person carries in his life and grow maturely as a person. (http://www.geocities.com/fossilfreak/books/fifth.html, para 23) Works Cited: Dialectic, Morality and Deptford Trilogy. http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgidirectory=vol12_1/&filename= LoVerso.htm. December 12, 2006. _______. http://www.geocities.com/echomyst/literature/fifth_business.html. December 12, 2006. Fifth Business Introduction The various religions present in the society encompass various beliefs as well. But

Compare and evaluate multiculturalism and assimilation as alternative Essay

Compare and evaluate multiculturalism and assimilation as alternative approaches to dealing with immigrant populations. Use evid - Essay Example The rate of immigration has doubled in the last five decades alone, accounting for the greater proportion of workers in the industrialized nations of the world (Shah, 2008, para. 4). The estimated number of international immigrants represented about three percent of the global total population. Many of these immigrants either came from Asia or Africa, and most of them are undocumented migrant workers using illegal means or channels to gain entry. Half of all immigrants are women; other than the reasons cited earlier, immigrants also choose to leave their own countries due to ethnic persecution (if they belong to a minority), avoidance of military or armed conflicts, and political harassment. A new reason recently cited as driver for increases in immigration is increased globalization, in which their original home countries suffered from open trade policies, making them losers due to greater economic inequality (ibid. para. 8). Some people also immigrate for better educational opportu nities while others do so for a good retirement place in another country, such as a warmer climate and lower costs of living. An improvement in transportation technologies, cheaper travel rates, and shorter travel times have in many ways also contributed to the heightened phenomenon of global immigration today. Discussion The United Nations considers international migration as one of the basic human rights, and the sacred right to freedom of travel and movement is included in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Relatedly, basic human rights apply to everybody, whether as an immigrant or not; the U. N. agency charged with carrying out this mandate is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (or UNESCO) to encourage all member states to respect all rights of immigrants at par or level with that of its own native citizens (Ban, 2007, para. 1) and to promote the speedy, orderly, and peaceful integration of migrants to society in general. It is quite i ronic how many Western countries had previously urged Russia and China, in the past decades, to allow their citizens to move freely and migrate if they want to go, but now these Western countries are reluctant to accept more migrants and put up hindrances, controls, or new laws to limit immigration. Admittedly, there are benefits to free immigration such as lower labor costs that help the host country, contribute to cultural diversity of society, enhance mutual understanding, alleviate labor shortages, and increase the talent pool of the nation (Fassi, 2011). Moreover, countries with declining populations also benefit from new people. But on the other hand, some people resist immigrants because of competition for scarce jobs, cultural adulteration or influences, social adjustments, increased demands on social services like health care, policing, sanitation, food, housing, educational facilities, welfare and pension benefits, among others (Sterba 2009). In some European countries, a new element of the drawbacks of immigration has been added, that of cultural conflicts, social intolerance, and religious extremism. Some immigrants resist integration, and prefer ethnic segregation. Precisely due to these existing and other incipient problems related to new immigrants, various countries have tried several approaches towards achieving faster

3short questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3short questions - Assignment Example In addition, any government has a responsibility of protecting the rights and freedoms of her citizens which organizations tend to overlook so as to maximize their profitability. It is the duty of government agencies to ensure that workers’ rights and freedoms such as working conditions, salary and remunerations as well as working hours are observed. Government interference with business operations is also justified by the fact that this is one of the few ways in which business organizations can be forced to engage in operations that are legitimate (Macdonald 72). Such interference ensures that organizations restrict their operations as stipulated in the memorandum of association and article of association and do not engage in acts of lawlessness Businesses participate in politics through various strategies such as through the use of lobby groups and other business professionals. Business organizations sponsor lobbyists and professionals who act on their behalf to ensure that their organizations have made adequate contacts for with the politicians. Though there are rules and regulations that are made to prevent fraud and corruption, businesses through lobbyists end up breaking these rules particularly in the corrupt countries to bribe politicians (law makers) so that they can pass bills that favor their operations. The primary goals as to why business organizations involve themselves in politics are to get contact and to ensure that the elected political leaders are of their choice or are persons whom they share similar business ideologies. Politicians, who are in most countries law and policy makers can create a good business environment/climate that would make business organizations flourish or a hostile environment that would make it collapse (Macdonald 56). Government policies are some of the main factors that